Inégalité (mathématiques)En mathématiques, une inégalité est une formule reliant deux expressions numériques avec un symbole de comparaison. Une inégalité stricte compare nécessairement deux valeurs différentes tandis qu’une inégalité large reste valable en cas d’égalité. Contrairement à une interprétation étymologique, la négation d’une égalité (avec le symbole ≠) n’est pas considérée comme une inégalité et se traite différemment. Les inégalités permettent d’encadrer ou de distinguer des valeurs réelles, de préciser une approximation, de justifier le comportement asymptotique d’une série ou d’une intégrale.
Borel functional calculusIn functional analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Borel functional calculus is a functional calculus (that is, an assignment of operators from commutative algebras to functions defined on their spectra), which has particularly broad scope. Thus for instance if T is an operator, applying the squaring function s → s2 to T yields the operator T2. Using the functional calculus for larger classes of functions, we can for example define rigorously the "square root" of the (negative) Laplacian operator −Δ or the exponential The 'scope' here means the kind of function of an operator which is allowed.
Dynamical picturesIn quantum mechanics, dynamical pictures (or representations) are the multiple equivalent ways to mathematically formulate the dynamics of a quantum system. The two most important ones are the Heisenberg picture and the Schrödinger picture. These differ only by a basis change with respect to time-dependency, analogous to the Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow field: in short, time dependence is attached to quantum states in the Schrödinger picture and to operators in the Heisenberg picture.
Hearing the shape of a drumTo hear the shape of a drum is to infer information about the shape of the drumhead from the sound it makes, i.e., from the list of overtones, via the use of mathematical theory. "Can One Hear the Shape of a Drum?" is the title of a 1966 article by Mark Kac in the American Mathematical Monthly which made the question famous, though this particular phrasing originates with Lipman Bers. Similar questions can be traced back all the way to physicist Arthur Schuster in 1882. For his paper, Kac was given the Lester R.
Inégalité arithmético-géométriquethumb|right|Preuve sans mots de l'inégalité arithmético-géométrique en deux dimensions : PR est un diamètre d'un cercle de centre O ; son rayon AO a donc pour longueur la moyenne arithmétique de a et b. Par le théorème de la moyenne géométrique, on trouve aussi que la hauteur GQ a pour longueur la moyenne géométrique de a et b. On a donc bien pour tous a:b, AO ≥ GQ. En mathématiques, l'inégalité arithmético-géométrique (IAG) établit un lien entre la moyenne arithmétique et la moyenne géométrique.
International inequalityInternational inequality refers to inequality between countries, as compared to global inequality, which is inequality between people across countries. International inequality research has primarily been concentrated on the rise of international income inequality, but other aspects include educational and health inequality, as well as differences in medical access. Reducing inequality within and among countries is the 10th goal of the UN Sustainable Development Goals and ensuring that no one is left behind is central to achieving them.
