Change of ringsIn algebra, a change of rings is an operation of changing a coefficient ring to another. Given a ring homomorphism , there are three ways to change the coefficient ring of a module; namely, for a right R-module M and a right S-module N, one can form the induced module, formed by extension of scalars, the coinduced module, formed by co-extension of scalars, and formed by restriction of scalars. They are related as adjoint functors: and This is related to Shapiro's lemma.
Demi-groupe de transformationsEn algèbre, un demi-groupe de transformations est un ensemble de fonctions d'un ensemble X dans lui-même qui est fermé pour l'opération de composition. S'il contient l'application identité, c'est un monoïde de transformations. C'est l'analogue, pour les demi-groupes, d'un groupe de permutations. Un analogue du théorème de Cayley vaut pour les demi-groupes : tout demi-groupe est isomorphe à un demi-groupe de transformations sur un ensemble. Un demi-groupe de transformations est un couple , où est un ensemble, et est un demi-groupe de transformations sur .
Ultrafilter on a setIn the mathematical field of set theory, an ultrafilter on a set is a maximal filter on the set In other words, it is a collection of subsets of that satisfies the definition of a filter on and that is maximal with respect to inclusion, in the sense that there does not exist a strictly larger collection of subsets of that is also a filter. (In the above, by definition a filter on a set does not contain the empty set.) Equivalently, an ultrafilter on the set can also be characterized as a filter on with the property that for every subset of either or its complement belongs to the ultrafilter.
