Glande mammaireLes glandes mammaires sont les glandes des mamelles des mammifères mâles et femelles. Elles ont la particularité de sécréter le lait servant à l'allaitement de la progéniture. Les glandes mammaires sont, embryologiquement, des modifiées ayant initialement pour fonction de protéger des infections les œufs de mammifères protothériens. thumb|Glande mammaire humaine1 : Cage thoracique 2 : Muscles pectoraux 3 : Lobules 4 : Surface du mamelon 5 : Aréole 6 : Conduit galactophore 7 : Tissu adipeux 8 : Peau.
Breast cancer awarenessBreast cancer awareness is an effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of breast cancer through education about screening, symptoms, and treatment. Supporters hope that greater knowledge will lead to earlier detection of breast cancer, which is associated with higher long-term survival rates, and that money raised for breast cancer will produce a reliable, permanent cure. Breast cancer advocacy and awareness efforts are a type of health advocacy. Breast cancer advocates raise funds and lobby for better care, more knowledge, and more patient empowerment.
Selective estrogen receptor modulatorSelective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), also known as estrogen receptor agonist/antagonists (ERAAs), are a class of drugs that act on the estrogen receptor (ER). A characteristic that distinguishes these substances from pure ER agonists and antagonists (that is, full agonists and silent antagonists) is that their action is different in various tissues, thereby granting the possibility to selectively inhibit or stimulate estrogen-like action in various tissues.
Metastatic breast cancerMetastatic breast cancer, also referred to as metastases, advanced breast cancer, secondary tumors, secondaries or stage IV breast cancer, is a stage of breast cancer where the breast cancer cells have spread to distant sites beyond the axillary lymph nodes. There is no cure for metastatic breast cancer; there is no stage after IV. Metastases can occur several years after the primary breast cancer, although it is sometimes diagnosed at the same time as the primary breast cancer or, rarely, before the primary breast cancer has been diagnosed.
Estrogen receptor alphaEstrogen receptor alpha (ERα), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogen receptor, a nuclear receptor (mainly found as a chromatin-binding protein) that is activated by the sex hormone estrogen. In humans, ERα is encoded by the gene ESR1 (EStrogen Receptor 1). The estrogen receptor (ER) is a ligand-activated transcription factor composed of several domains important for hormone binding, DNA binding, and activation of transcription.
Hormonal therapy (oncology)Hormonal therapy in oncology is hormone therapy for cancer and is one of the major modalities of medical oncology (pharmacotherapy for cancer), others being cytotoxic chemotherapy and targeted therapy (biotherapeutics). It involves the manipulation of the endocrine system through exogenous or external administration of specific hormones, particularly steroid hormones, or drugs which inhibit the production or activity of such hormones (hormone antagonists).
PhytohormoneLes phytohormones, ou hormones végétales, contrôlent tous les aspects de la croissance et du développement des plantes, depuis l'embryogenèse, la régulation de la taille des organes, la défense contre les agents pathogènes, la tolérance au stress et jusqu'au développement reproducteur. Les hormones végétales sont des molécules signal, produites dans les plantes à des concentrations extrêmement faibles. Contrairement aux animaux (dans lesquels la production d'hormones est limitée à des glandes spécialisées), chaque cellule végétale est capable de produire des hormones.
Breast cancer classificationBreast cancer classification divides breast cancer into categories according to different schemes criteria and serving a different purpose. The major categories are the histopathological type, the grade of the tumor, the stage of the tumor, and the expression of proteins and genes. As knowledge of cancer cell biology develops these classifications are updated. The purpose of classification is to select the best treatment. The effectiveness of a specific treatment is demonstrated for a specific breast cancer (usually by randomized, controlled trials).
Membrane estrogen receptorMembrane estrogen receptors (mERs) are a group of receptors which bind estrogen. Unlike the estrogen receptor (ER), a nuclear receptor which mediates its effects via genomic mechanisms, mERs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. Putative mERs include membrane-associated ERα (mERα) and ERβ (mERβ), GPER (GPR30), GPRC6A, ER-X, ERx and Gq-mER. The mERs have been reviewed.
Hormone peptidiquevignette|Structure chimique de la vasotocine avec acides aminés marqués Les hormones peptidiques (ou hormones polypeptidiques) sont une classe de peptides sécrétés dans le sang qui ont des fonctions endocrines chez les animaux. À l'instar des autres protéines, les hormones peptidiques sont synthétisées à partir d'acides aminés via un ARN messager, lui-même issu d'une matrice d'ADN au sein du noyau cellulaire.
