Publication

Experimental Evaluation and Control of Two-Phase Multi-Microchannel Evaporator Cooling Systems for High Efficiency Data Center

Duan Wu
2012
Thèse EPFL
Résumé

Thermal designers of data centers and server manufacturers are showing a greater concern regarding the cooling of the new generation data centers, which consume considerably more electricity and dissipate much more waste heat, a situation that is creating a re- thinking about the most effective cooling systems for the future beyond conventional air cooling of the chips/servers. Potentially, a significantly better solution is to make use of on- chip two-phase cooling, which, besides improving the cooling performance at the chip level while also consuming less energy to drive the cooling process, also adds the capability to reuse the waste heat in a convenient manner, since higher evaporating and condensing temperatures of the two-phase cooling system (from 60-95 °C) are possible with such a new “green” cooling technology. In the present thesis, three such two-phase cooling cycles using micro-evaporation technology were experimentally evaluated with specific attention being paid to (i) controllability of the two-phase cooling system, (ii) energy consumption and (iii) overall exergetic efficiency, with the emphasis on (i). The controllers were evaluated by tracking and disturbance rejection tests, which were shown to be efficient and effective. The average temperatures of the chips were maintained below the upper limit of 85 °C of computer CPU’s for all tests evaluated in steady state and transient conditions. In general, simple SISO and SIMO strategies were sufficient to attain the requirements of control. Regarding energy and exergy analyses, the experimental results showed that all these systems can be thermodynamically improved since only about 6% of the exergy supplied is in fact recovered in the condenser in the present setup. Additionally, a series of tests covering a wide range of operating conditions under steady state regime were done. The main idea was to generate a “map of performance” of the different cooling systems in terms of energy consumption, energy recovery at the condenser and heat exchanger performance. A total of 120 tests were done which considered all combinations of the variables involved. Finally, empirical and semi-empirical correlations for overall thermal conductance and performance of all components and piping of all these systems were developed based on the experimental results obtained, which can be used for simulations and validations of potential codes developed to design and/or evaluate performance of cooling systems. An overall energy balance analysis for each system using the correlations developed showed that 99.17% of the experimental data were bounded within ± 10%.

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Concepts associés (32)
Méthodes de refroidissement pour ordinateur
Les méthodes de refroidissement pour ordinateur sont les moyens permettant de réduire la température de certains composants d'ordinateur afin d'éviter leur surchauffe. La majorité des composants d'un ordinateur chauffent, allant d'une très faible production de chaleur pour les lecteurs optiques, à une production beaucoup plus importantes pour le microprocesseur voire la carte graphique, laquelle consomme parfois plus que le processeur.
Tour aéroréfrigérante
Les tours aéroréfrigérantes ou TAR, aussi appelées tours de refroidissement, sont utilisées pour refroidir un liquide, généralement de l'eau, à l'aide d'un gaz, généralement l'air ambiant. Il s'agit d'un cas particulier d'échangeur de chaleur où le transfert thermique s'effectue par contact direct ou indirect entre les flux. Les tours de refroidissement sont des équipements courants, présents dans des installations de climatisation, ou dans des procédés industriels et énergétiques (centrales électriques, installations de combustion, sucreries, chimie.
Refroidissement à eau
Le refroidissement à eau (watercooling en anglais) est une branche du refroidissement liquide ayant pour particularité d’utiliser l’eau comme liquide caloporteur. C’est un système de refroidissement largement répandu dans l’industrie automobile et la production d’énergie. Plus récemment, le refroidissement à eau a fait son apparition dans le secteur de la micro-informatique pour pallier les inconvénients du refroidissement à air. thumb|upright|Utilisation d'un système de refroidissement à cycle ouvert lors d'une expérience de chimie.
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