Tour aéroréfrigérante

Les tours aéroréfrigérantes ou TAR, aussi appelées tours de refroidissement, sont utilisées pour refroidir un liquide, généralement de l'eau, à l'aide d'un gaz, généralement l'air ambiant. Il s'agit d'un cas particulier d'échangeur de chaleur où le transfert thermique s'effectue par contact direct ou indirect entre les flux. Les tours de refroidissement sont des équipements courants, présents dans des installations de climatisation, ou dans des procédés industriels et énergétiques (centrales électriques, installations de combustion, sucreries, chimie...). Rôle Les tours aéroréfrigérantes ont pour fonction d'évacuer vers le milieu extérieur la chaleur issue de systèmes de refroidissement (climatisation, centrales électriques ou procédé industriel) en faisant circuler de l'eau chaude dans un flux d'air. C'est un échangeur de chaleur entre l'eau et l'air ambiant. Les tours aéroréfrigérantes sont destinées à refroidir des eaux qui ont été réchauffées par une source d'énergie

Microchannel cooling for the LHCb VELO Upgrade I

Victor Coco, Alessandro Mapelli, Giulia Romagnoli

The LHCb VELO Upgrade I, currently being installed for the 2022 start of LHC Run 3, uses silicon microchannel coolers with internally circulating bi-phase CO2 for thermal control of hybrid pixel modules operating in vacuum. This is the largest scale application of this technology to date. Production of the microchannel coolers was completed in July 2019 and the assembly into cooling structures was completed in September 2021. This article describes the R & D path supporting the microchannel production and assembly and the motivation for the design choices, together with the achieved fluidic and thermal performance. The Thermal Figure of Merit of the microchannel coolers is measured on the final modules to be between 1.5 and 3.5 K cm(2) W-1, depending on glue thickness. The microchannel coolers constitute 18% of the total radiation length of the VELO and less than 2% of the material seen before the second measured point on the tracks. Microchannel cooling is well suited to the VELO implementation due to the uniform mass distribution, close thermal expansion match with the module components and resistance to radiation.

ELSEVIER2022

Experimental Evaluation and Control of Two-Phase Multi-Microchannel Evaporator Cooling Systems for High Efficiency Data Center

Duan Wu

Thermal designers of data centers and server manufacturers are showing a greater concern regarding the cooling of the new generation data centers, which consume considerably more electricity and dissipate much more waste heat, a situation that is creating a re- thinking about the most effective cooling systems for the future beyond conventional air cooling of the chips/servers. Potentially, a significantly better solution is to make use of on- chip two-phase cooling, which, besides improving the cooling performance at the chip level while also consuming less energy to drive the cooling process, also adds the capability to reuse the waste heat in a convenient manner, since higher evaporating and condensing temperatures of the two-phase cooling system (from 60-95 °C) are possible with such a new “green” cooling technology. In the present thesis, three such two-phase cooling cycles using micro-evaporation technology were experimentally evaluated with specific attention being paid to (i) controllability of the two-phase cooling system, (ii) energy consumption and (iii) overall exergetic efficiency, with the emphasis on (i). The controllers were evaluated by tracking and disturbance rejection tests, which were shown to be efficient and effective. The average temperatures of the chips were maintained below the upper limit of 85 °C of computer CPU’s for all tests evaluated in steady state and transient conditions. In general, simple SISO and SIMO strategies were sufficient to attain the requirements of control. Regarding energy and exergy analyses, the experimental results showed that all these systems can be thermodynamically improved since only about 6% of the exergy supplied is in fact recovered in the condenser in the present setup. Additionally, a series of tests covering a wide range of operating conditions under steady state regime were done. The main idea was to generate a “map of performance” of the different cooling systems in terms of energy consumption, energy recovery at the condenser and heat exchanger performance. A total of 120 tests were done which considered all combinations of the variables involved. Finally, empirical and semi-empirical correlations for overall thermal conductance and performance of all components and piping of all these systems were developed based on the experimental results obtained, which can be used for simulations and validations of potential codes developed to design and/or evaluate performance of cooling systems. An overall energy balance analysis for each system using the correlations developed showed that 99.17% of the experimental data were bounded within ± 10%.

EPFL2012

Experimental Evaluation and Control of Two-Phase Multi-Microchannel Evaporator Cooling Systems for High Efficiency Data Center

Duan Wu

EPFL2012

Microchannel cooling for the LHCb VELO Upgrade I

Experimental Evaluation and Control of Two-Phase Multi-Microchannel Evaporator Cooling Systems for High Efficiency Data Center

Experimental investigation of new ultra-lightweight support and cooling structures for the new Inner Tracking System of the ALICE Detector

Experimental investigation of new ultra-lightweight support and cooling structures for the new Inner Tracking System of the ALICE Detector

Microchannel cooling for the LHCb VELO Upgrade I

Experimental Evaluation and Control of Two-Phase Multi-Microchannel Evaporator Cooling Systems for High Efficiency Data Center