Méthodes de refroidissement pour ordinateur

Résumé

Les méthodes de refroidissement pour ordinateur sont les moyens permettant de réduire la température de certains composants d'ordinateur afin d'éviter leur surchauffe. La majorité des composants d'un ordinateur chauffent, allant d'une très faible production de chaleur pour les lecteurs optiques, à une production beaucoup plus importantes pour le microprocesseur voire la carte graphique, laquelle consomme parfois plus que le processeur. Une surchauffe de ces composants peut entraîner des dysfonctionnements (erreurs de calculs, bugs, arrêts intempestifs), pouvant aller jusqu’à leur détérioration. Depuis le Pentium, la majorité des composants exposés à de fortes températures sont dotés de sondes et de sécurités qui les protègent (par ralentissement forcé nommé throttling voire par un arrêt soudain du PC). Les circuits intégrés comprennent les composants électroniques qui chauffent le plus, ils sont situés sur la carte mère et sur la carte graphique entre autres. Avant 1995, le simple c

Source officielle

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thodes_de_refroidissement_pour_ordinateur

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Un dissipateur thermique est un dispositif destiné à évacuer la chaleur résultante de l'effet Joule dans un élément semi-conducteur d'électronique de puissance. Il s'agit de dispositifs généralement

vignette|redresse=1.2|Le supercalculateur IBM Blue Gene/P de l'Argonne National Laboratory fonctionne avec utilisant un système de refroidissement standard par air, groupé dans et interconnectés par

Un liquide de refroidissement est un fluide caloporteur utilisé, dans un circuit généralement fermé, dans le but d'évacuer la chaleur d'un système qui en produit plus qu'il ne peut en évacuer naturel

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In recent years many large scale demonstrators and prototypes of superconducting fault current limiters have been successfully developed and tested. Within the European Project ECCOFLOW (www.eccoflow.org), it is the first time that a resistive-type superconducting fault current limiter is developed for two different locations and that a permanent installation is foreseen. The limiter has a rating of 20 kV and 1 kA and will be tested in a busbar and transformer feeder application. The paper summarizes the conceptual design of this innovative limiter and reports in detail about the development of the superconducting limiting elements, their integration into a cryostat and the design of the whole limiter including cooling and grid integration. As a main result it can be summarized that the ECCOFLOW limiter fulfills all requirements according to the two different specifications. Approximately 3 km of 12 mm wide YBCO tape will be used to realize a three phase system.

Ieee-Inst Electrical Electronics Engineers Inc2012

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Due to the increase in energy prices and spiralling consumption, there is a need to greatly reduce the cost of electricity within data centers, where it makes up 50% of the total cost of the IT infrastructure. A technological solution to this is using on-chip cooling with a single-phase or evaporating liquid to replace energy intensive air-cooling. The energy carried away by the liquid or vapour can also potentially be used in district heating, as an example. Thus, the important issue here is “what is the most energy efficient heat removal process?” As an answer, this paper presents a direct comparison of single-phase water, a 50% water ethylene glycol mixture and several two-phase refrigerants, including the new fourth generation refrigerants HFO1234yf and HFO1234ze. Two-phase cooling using HFC134a had an average junction temperature 9 to 15˚C lower than for single-phase cooling, while the required pumping power for the CPU cooling element for single-phase cooling was on the order of 20-130 times higher to achieve the same junction temperature uniformity. Hot-spot simulations also showed that two-phase refrigerant cooling was able to adjust to local hot-spots because of flow boiling's dependency on the local heat flux, with junction temperatures being 20 to 30˚C lower when compared to water and the 50% water-ethylene glycol mixture, respectively. An exergy analysis was developed considering a cooling cycle composed by a pump, a condenser and a multi-microchannel cooler. The focus was to show the exergetic efficiency of each component and of the entire cycle when the subject energy recovery is considered. Water and HFC134a were the working fluids evaluated in such analysis. The overall exergetic efficiency was higher when using HFC134a (about 2%) and the exergy destroyed, i.e. irreversibilities, showed that the cooling cycle proposed still have a huge potential to increase the thermodynamic performance.

2011

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A new district energy network has been developed by using CO2 as a heat transfer fluid. Only two pipes are required by the network, thus allowing the recovery of waste heat from the cooling users to be valorized by the heating users. Understanding and predicting the dynamics as well as identifying control methods and strategies is one of the key issues for the development of such a CO2 network that would operate in a safe, reliable and energy efficient manner. To assess the technical feasibility and address the safety problems, a physical-based model was developed to describe the fluid dynamics of CO2 pipelines used for transportation of a fluid near the saturation. Dynamic simulations were carried out to investigate pressure and flow fluctuation during transient flow and under changes of external perturbations. It shows that the system was able to response all these perturbations although the corresponding pressure wave propagates along the pipe.

2013

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