Extraction d'ADNL'extraction de l'ADN est une technique permettant d'isoler l'acide désoxyribonucléique (ADN) des cellules ou des tissus. L'ADN ainsi extrait peut ensuite être utilisé pour des recherches de biologie moléculaire, telles que le séquençage, la PCR ou le clonage. Il existe différents protocoles pour extraire l'ADN, qui suivent approximativement le même schéma de principe : Lyse des cellules Elimination des protéines Elimination des autres acides nucléiques (acide ribonucléique (ARN), etc.
Écologie microbienneL'écologie microbienne aborde la place et le rôle des micro-organismes dans un habitat (environnement, écosystème) ainsi que les interactions des micro-organismes entre eux, avec leur milieu et/ou avec un hôle (holobionte). Les micro-organismes étant très nombreux, ubiquistes (présents partout dans le monde), très diversifiés, très adaptatifs, ont une importance primordiale dans de nombreux domaines.
Exome sequencingExome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome). It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans have about 180,000 exons, constituting about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs. The second step is to sequence the exonic DNA using any high-throughput DNA sequencing technology.
Massively parallel signature sequencingMassive parallel signature sequencing (MPSS) is a procedure that is used to identify and quantify mRNA transcripts, resulting in data similar to serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE), although it employs a series of biochemical and sequencing steps that are substantially different. MPSS is a method for determining expression levels of mRNA by counting the number of individual mRNA molecules produced by each gene. It is "open ended" in the sense that the identity of the RNAs to be measured are not pre-determined as they are with gene expression microarrays.
Simple random sampleIn statistics, a simple random sample (or SRS) is a subset of individuals (a sample) chosen from a larger set (a population) in which a subset of individuals are chosen randomly, all with the same probability. It is a process of selecting a sample in a random way. In SRS, each subset of k individuals has the same probability of being chosen for the sample as any other subset of k individuals. A simple random sample is an unbiased sampling technique. Simple random sampling is a basic type of sampling and can be a component of other more complex sampling methods.
Survey samplingIn statistics, survey sampling describes the process of selecting a sample of elements from a target population to conduct a survey. The term "survey" may refer to many different types or techniques of observation. In survey sampling it most often involves a questionnaire used to measure the characteristics and/or attitudes of people. Different ways of contacting members of a sample once they have been selected is the subject of survey data collection.
Bisulfite sequencingBisulfite sequencing (also known as bisulphite sequencing) is the use of bisulfite treatment of DNA before routine sequencing to determine the pattern of methylation. DNA methylation was the first discovered epigenetic mark, and remains the most studied. In animals it predominantly involves the addition of a methyl group to the carbon-5 position of cytosine residues of the dinucleotide CpG, and is implicated in repression of transcriptional activity.
Restriction modification systemThe restriction modification system (RM system) is found in bacteria and other prokaryotic organisms, and provides a defense against foreign DNA, such as that borne by bacteriophages. Bacteria have restriction enzymes, also called restriction endonucleases, which cleave double stranded DNA at specific points into fragments, which are then degraded further by other endonucleases. This prevents infection by effectively destroying the foreign DNA introduced by an infectious agent (such as a bacteriophage).
Cluster samplingIn statistics, cluster sampling is a sampling plan used when mutually homogeneous yet internally heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population. It is often used in marketing research. In this sampling plan, the total population is divided into these groups (known as clusters) and a simple random sample of the groups is selected. The elements in each cluster are then sampled. If all elements in each sampled cluster are sampled, then this is referred to as a "one-stage" cluster sampling plan.
Communauté bactérienneUne communauté bactérienne est un ensemble de bactéries de différentes espèces vivant dans un même biotope, qui pour certains aspects se comporte comme un tout, chaque espèce contribuant pour sa part aux fonctions de la communauté. Les plus vieilles communautés bactériennes en bon état de conservation datent de , dans le Francevillien du Gabon. Les microbialites (des roches organo-sédimentaires) vieilles d'au moins témoignent sans doute d'une plus grande ancienneté de ces communautés. Analyse des fragments
