Shear wallIn structural engineering, a shear wall is a two-dimensional vertical element of a system that is designed to resist in-plane lateral forces, typically wind and seismic loads. A shear wall resists loads parallel to the plane of the wall. Collectors, also known as drag members, transfer the diaphragm shear to shear walls and other vertical elements of the seismic force resisting system. Shear walls are typically light-framed or braced wooden walls with thin shear-resisting panels on the framing surface, or are reinforced concrete walls, reinforced masonry walls, or steel plates.
Prestressed concretePrestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction. It is substantially "prestressed" (compressed) during production, in a manner that strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist when in service. This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete and is done to improve the performance of the concrete in service. Tendons may consist of single wires, multi-wire strands or threaded bars that are most commonly made from high-tensile steels, carbon fiber or aramid fiber.
Gros œuvreLe gros œuvre est l'ensemble des éléments de construction d'un édifice qui lui assure la reprise de tous les efforts subis, soit en permanence (le poids propre de l'édifice), soit temporairement, de manière variable (vent, neige, séisme, tassement du sol) ou même, éventuellement, accidentelle (chocs, incendie). Le gros œuvre rassemble tout ce qui concourt à la solidité, à la stabilité de l'édifice : fondations, murs porteurs, poteaux, poutres, planchers entre les étages, etc.
Bending momentIn solid mechanics, a bending moment is the reaction induced in a structural element when an external force or moment is applied to the element, causing the element to bend. The most common or simplest structural element subjected to bending moments is the beam. The diagram shows a beam which is simply supported (free to rotate and therefore lacking bending moments) at both ends; the ends can only react to the shear loads. Other beams can have both ends fixed (known as encastre beam); therefore each end support has both bending moments and shear reaction loads.
Limit state designLimit State Design (LSD), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), refers to a design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria. The condition may refer to a degree of loading or other actions on the structure, while the criteria refer to structural integrity, fitness for use, durability or other design requirements.
Flexion (matériau)En physique (mécanique), la flexion est la déformation d'un objet sous l'action d'une charge. Elle se traduit par une courbure. Dans le cas d'une poutre, elle tend à rapprocher ses deux extrémités. Dans le cas d'une plaque, elle tend à rapprocher deux points diamétralement opposés sous l'action. L'essai de flexion d'une poutre est un essai mécanique utilisé pour tester la résistance en flexion. On utilise la flexion dite « trois points » et la flexion dite « quatre points ».
Precast concretePrecast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and maneuvered into place; examples include precast beams, and wall panels for tilt up construction. In contrast, cast-in-place concrete is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site. Recently lightweight expanded polystyrene foam is being used as the cores of precast wall panels, saving weight and increasing thermal insulation.
Béton armévignette|Armatures métalliques de renforcement du béton. vignette|« Cancer du béton » : lorsque le front de carbonatation atteint l'armature métallique, celle-ci est atteinte de rouille qui fait augmenter le volume de l'acier, conduisant à l'éclatement du béton d'enrobage, ce qui provoque des délaminations, ou comme ici des épaufrures qui mettent à nu les armatures oxydées. Le béton armé est un matériau composite constitué de béton et de barres d'acier alliant les propriétés mécaniques complémentaires de ces matériaux (bonne résistance à la compression du béton et bonne résistance à la traction de l'acier).
Structural loadA structural load or structural action is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to structural elements. A load causes stress, deformation, and displacement in a structure. Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural elements. Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and controlled during the design of a structure. Particular mechanical structures—such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and submarines—are subject to their own particular structural loads and actions.
Compression (physique)vignette|426x426px|La compression uniaxiale. En mécanique, la compression est l'application de forces équilibrées vers l'intérieur (« pousser ») à différents points sur un matériau ou une structure, c'est-à-dire des forces sans somme nette ou couple dirigé de manière à réduire sa taille dans une ou plusieurs directions. C'est le contraire de la tension, ou traction, qui est l'application de forces équilibrées vers l'extérieur (« tirant ») ; et des forces de cisaillement, dirigées de manière à déplacer les couches du matériau parallèlement l'une à l'autre.
