Échelle chromatiqueEn théorie de la musique, l’échelle chromatique, ou gamme chromatique, est une échelle musicale composée de douze degrés, séparés les uns des autres par un demi-ton. Par rapport à l’échelle diatonique, elle est constituée des sept degrés plus cinq notes intermédiaires, obtenues par altérations. L'échelle chromatique est ainsi composée de 12 demi-tons, contrairement à l'échelle diatonique qui associe tons et demi-tons.
Construction managementConstruction management (CM) is a professional service that uses specialized, project management techniques and software to oversee the planning, design, construction and closeout of a project. The purpose of construction management is to control the quality of a project's scope, time / delivery and cost—sometimes referred to as a project management triangle or "triple constraints." CM is compatible with all project delivery systems, including design-bid-build, design-build, CM At-Risk and Public Private Partnerships.
Seismic analysisSeismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a building (or nonbuilding) structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural design, earthquake engineering or structural assessment and retrofit (see structural engineering) in regions where earthquakes are prevalent. As seen in the figure, a building has the potential to 'wave' back and forth during an earthquake (or even a severe wind storm). This is called the 'fundamental mode', and is the lowest frequency of building response.
Brique (matériau)thumb|right|Le sol d'une allée en briques. vignette|Le château de La Ferté-Imbault est le plus grand édifice en briques de Sologne. Une brique est un élément de construction généralement en forme de parallélépipède rectangle constitué de terre argileuse crue, séchée au soleil ou cuite au four, employée principalement dans la construction de murs. thumb|La brique émaillée était déjà connue dans la Mésopotamie antique. vignette|Basilique San Petronio (Bologne), la plus grande église gothique édifiée en brique au monde (volume de environ).
Structural integrity and failureStructural integrity and failure is an aspect of engineering that deals with the ability of a structure to support a designed structural load (weight, force, etc.) without breaking and includes the study of past structural failures in order to prevent failures in future designs. Structural integrity is the ability of an item—either a structural component or a structure consisting of many components—to hold together under a load, including its own weight, without breaking or deforming excessively.
Gamme pentatoniqueLes gammes pentatoniques (du grec πέντε, penta, « cinq ») sont des échelles musicales constituées de cinq notes (= hauteurs de son) différentes. Elles peuvent être ou non basées sur le système du tempérament égal. Les gammes pentatoniques sont abondamment utilisées dans les genres de musique populaire afro-américaine tels que le blues, le jazz et le rock 'n' roll, mais on retrouve des gammes pentatoniques dans un grand nombre de cultures musicales, notamment dans les musiques traditionnelles asiatiques.
Construction engineeringConstruction engineering, also known as construction operations, is a professional subdiscipline of civil engineering that deals with the designing, planning, construction, and operations management of infrastructure such as roadways, tunnels, bridges, airports, railroads, facilities, buildings, dams, utilities and other projects. Construction engineers learn some of the design aspects similar to civil engineers as well as project management aspects.
Limit state designLimit State Design (LSD), also known as Load And Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), refers to a design method used in structural engineering. A limit state is a condition of a structure beyond which it no longer fulfills the relevant design criteria. The condition may refer to a degree of loading or other actions on the structure, while the criteria refer to structural integrity, fitness for use, durability or other design requirements.
StructureA structure is an arrangement and organization of interrelated elements in a material object or system, or the object or system so organized. Material structures include man-made objects such as buildings and machines and natural objects such as biological organisms, minerals and chemicals. Abstract structures include data structures in computer science and musical form. Types of structure include a hierarchy (a cascade of one-to-many relationships), a network featuring many-to-many links, or a lattice featuring connections between components that are neighbors in space.
Béton armévignette|Armatures métalliques de renforcement du béton. vignette|« Cancer du béton » : lorsque le front de carbonatation atteint l'armature métallique, celle-ci est atteinte de rouille qui fait augmenter le volume de l'acier, conduisant à l'éclatement du béton d'enrobage, ce qui provoque des délaminations, ou comme ici des épaufrures qui mettent à nu les armatures oxydées. Le béton armé est un matériau composite constitué de béton et de barres d'acier alliant les propriétés mécaniques complémentaires de ces matériaux (bonne résistance à la compression du béton et bonne résistance à la traction de l'acier).
