MapReduceMapReduce est un patron de conception de développement informatique, inventé par Google, dans lequel sont effectués des calculs parallèles, et souvent distribués, de données potentiellement très volumineuses, typiquement supérieures en taille à un téraoctet. Les termes « map » et « reduce », et les concepts sous-jacents, sont empruntés aux langages de programmation fonctionnelle utilisés pour leur construction (map et réduction de la programmation fonctionnelle et des langages de programmation tableau).
Distributed shared memoryIn computer science, distributed shared memory (DSM) is a form of memory architecture where physically separated memories can be addressed as a single shared address space. The term "shared" does not mean that there is a single centralized memory, but that the address space is shared—i.e., the same physical address on two processors refers to the same location in memory. Distributed global address space (DGAS), is a similar term for a wide class of software and hardware implementations, in which each node of a cluster has access to shared memory in addition to each node's private (i.
Map (parallel pattern)Map is an idiom in parallel computing where a simple operation is applied to all elements of a sequence, potentially in parallel. It is used to solve embarrassingly parallel problems: those problems that can be decomposed into independent subtasks, requiring no communication/synchronization between the subtasks except a join or barrier at the end. When applying the map pattern, one formulates an elemental function that captures the operation to be performed on a data item that represents a part of the problem, then applies this elemental function in one or more threads of execution, hyperthreads, SIMD lanes or on multiple computers.
Transmission parallèleLa transmission parallèle consiste à transmettre des éléments d'information sur plusieurs voies simultanément. Elle s'oppose à la transmission série où les informations doivent être découpées avant d'être envoyées (car il y a moins de lignes de communication disponibles que de bits nécessaires pour transmettre l'information). À grande distance, la multiplicité des conducteurs nécessaires pour la transmission parallèle lui a fait préférer dès l'origine la transmission série dans des télécommunications.
Fork–join modelIn parallel computing, the fork–join model is a way of setting up and executing parallel programs, such that execution branches off in parallel at designated points in the program, to "join" (merge) at a subsequent point and resume sequential execution. Parallel sections may fork recursively until a certain task granularity is reached. Fork–join can be considered a parallel design pattern. It was formulated as early as 1963.
Non uniform memory accessEn informatique, un système NUMA (pour non uniform memory access ou non uniform memory architecture, signifiant respectivement accès mémoire non uniforme et architecture mémoire non uniforme) est un système multiprocesseur dans lequel les zones mémoire sont séparées et placées en différents endroits (et sur différents bus). Vis-à-vis de chaque processeur, les temps d'accès diffèrent donc suivant la zone mémoire accédée.
Optimal designIn the design of experiments, optimal designs (or optimum designs) are a class of experimental designs that are optimal with respect to some statistical criterion. The creation of this field of statistics has been credited to Danish statistician Kirstine Smith. In the design of experiments for estimating statistical models, optimal designs allow parameters to be estimated without bias and with minimum variance. A non-optimal design requires a greater number of experimental runs to estimate the parameters with the same precision as an optimal design.
Memory protectionMemory protection is a way to control memory access rights on a computer, and is a part of most modern instruction set architectures and operating systems. The main purpose of memory protection is to prevent a process from accessing memory that has not been allocated to it. This prevents a bug or malware within a process from affecting other processes, or the operating system itself. Protection may encompass all accesses to a specified area of memory, write accesses, or attempts to execute the contents of the area.
Port parallèleLe port parallèle est un connecteur situé à l'arrière des ordinateurs compatibles PC reposant sur la communication parallèle. Il est associé à l'interface parallèle Centronics. La communication parallèle a été conçue pour une imprimante imprimant du texte, caractère par caractère. Les imprimantes graphiques (pouvant imprimer des images) ont ensuite continué à utiliser ce système pour profiter de l'interface parallèle normalisée. Le port parallèle est à l'origine unidirectionnel.
Optimisation de boucleIn compiler theory, loop optimization is the process of increasing execution speed and reducing the overheads associated with loops. It plays an important role in improving cache performance and making effective use of parallel processing capabilities. Most execution time of a scientific program is spent on loops; as such, many compiler optimization techniques have been developed to make them faster. Since instructions inside loops can be executed repeatedly, it is frequently not possible to give a bound on the number of instruction executions that will be impacted by a loop optimization.
