Food chainA food chain is a linear network of links in a food web starting from producer organisms (such as grass or algae which produce their own food via photosynthesis) and ending at an apex predator species (like grizzly bears or killer whales), detritivores (like earthworms or woodlice), or decomposer species (such as fungi or bacteria). A food chain also shows how organisms are related to each other by the food they eat. Each level of a food chain represents a different trophic level.
Arsenic contamination of groundwaterArsenic contamination of groundwater is a form of groundwater pollution which is often due to naturally occurring high concentrations of arsenic in deeper levels of groundwater. It is a high-profile problem due to the use of deep tube wells for water supply in the Ganges Delta, causing serious arsenic poisoning to large numbers of people. A 2007 study found that over 137 million people in more than 70 countries are probably affected by arsenic poisoning of drinking water.
NorovirusNorovirus (NoV) est un genre de virus de la famille des Caliciviridae. La seule espèce reconnue est le virus de Norwalk, mais une centaine de souches différentes lui sont rattachées parmi lesquelles le (qui se distingue par un de lecture ouverte) ou la souche . Ces virus ont des effets gastro-intestinaux (vomissements, diarrhées) et semblent (chez la souris au moins) pouvoir infecter les glandes salivaires, la salive véhiculant alors l'agent infectieux ; avec les rotavirus, ils causent des infections chez environ de nouveau-nés et jeunes enfants.
Consumer (food chain)A consumer in a food chain is a living creature that eats organisms from a different population. A consumer is a heterotroph and a producer is an autotroph. Like sea angels, they take in organic moles by consuming other organisms, so they are commonly called consumers. Heterotrophs can be classified by what they usually eat as herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, or decomposers. On the other hand, autotrophs are organisms that use energy directly from the sun or from chemical bonds.
RhumeLa rhinopharyngite (ou nasopharyngite, communément nommée rhume banal) est une infection fréquente et généralement bénigne des voies aériennes supérieures (cavité nasale et pharynx) par un virus, principalement les picornaviridés (dont les rhinovirus), les adénovirus ou les coronavirus.
Virus simien 40Le virus simien 40 ou SV40 ou virus vacuolant (en anglais Simian Virus 40, un nom donné par Hilleman) est un membre des virus nommés Polyomavirus trouvés chez le macaque rhésus. Le SV40 est un virus à ADN qui a été employé dans des vaccins contre la poliomyélite. Il induit des tumeurs cancérigènes in vitro et chez les rats, son effet sur l'homme a été très controversé du fait de résultats inconstants. Il est utilisé en biotechnologie et en recherche comme agent biologique dans la création des lignées cellulaires immortalisées.
Human-to-human transmissionHuman-to-human transmission (HHT) is an epidemiologic vector, especially in case the disease is borne by individuals known as superspreaders. In these cases, the basic reproduction number of the virus, which is the average number of additional people that a single case will infect without any preventative measures, can be as high as 203.9. Interhuman transmission is a synonym for HHT. The World Health Organization designation of a pandemic hinges on the demonstrable fact that there is sustained HHT in two regions of the world.
