Model of computationIn computer science, and more specifically in computability theory and computational complexity theory, a model of computation is a model which describes how an output of a mathematical function is computed given an input. A model describes how units of computations, memories, and communications are organized. The computational complexity of an algorithm can be measured given a model of computation. Using a model allows studying the performance of algorithms independently of the variations that are specific to particular implementations and specific technology.
Symmetric multiprocessingUn multiprocesseur symétrique (à mémoire partagée), ou symmetric shared memory multiprocessor (SMP), est une architecture parallèle qui consiste à multiplier les processeurs identiques au sein d'un ordinateur, de manière à augmenter la puissance de calcul, tout en conservant une unique mémoire. Disposer de plusieurs processeurs permet d'exécuter simultanément plusieurs processus du système, utilisateur ou noyau en leur allouant l'un ou l'autre des processeurs disponibles, ce qui augmente la fluidité lors de l'exécution de plusieurs programmes, et permet à un processus d'utiliser plus de ressources de calcul en créant plusieurs threads.
EuLispEuLisp is a statically and dynamically scoped Lisp dialect developed by a loose formation of industrial and academic Lisp users and developers from around Europe. The standardizers intended to create a new Lisp "less encumbered by the past" (compared to Common Lisp), and not so minimalist as Scheme. Another objective was to integrate the object-oriented programming paradigm well. It is a third-generation programming language. The language definition process first began in a meeting in 1985 in Paris and took several years.
Interruption (informatique)En informatique, une interruption est une suspension temporaire de l'exécution d'un programme informatique par le microprocesseur afin d'exécuter un programme prioritaire (appelé service d'interruption). avancement d'une horloge, signalisation de la complétion d'un transfert de données, positionnement d'une tête de lecture/écriture Cependant, on l'utilise aussi pour désigner des exceptions, c'est-à-dire des arrêts provoqués par une condition exceptionnelle dans le programme (instruction erronée, accès à une zone mémoire inexistante, calcul arithmétique incorrect, appel volontaire au système d'exploitation).
ComputationA computation is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that is well-defined. Common examples of computations are mathematical equations and computer algorithms. Mechanical or electronic devices (or, historically, people) that perform computations are known as computers. The study of computation is the field of computability, itself a sub-field of computer science. The notion that mathematical statements should be ‘well-defined’ had been argued by mathematicians since at least the 1600s, but agreement on a suitable definition proved elusive.
DragonFly BSDDragonFly BSD est un système d'exploitation de type BSD. Il résulte d'un fork en 2003 de FreeBSD 4.8 mené par Matt Dillon, jugeant le nouveau système de threading et SMP de FreeBSD 5 peu performant et difficile à maintenir. Ce projet s'annonce donc comme la continuation logique de FreeBSD 4. Il est disponible sous forme de « LiveCD ». La façon d'implémenter le SMP, et son impact sur l'organisation d'un noyau Unix, constitue une des raisons ayant motivé la création de DragonFly BSD.
Fibre (informatique)En informatique, une fibre (fiber en anglais) est un type de thread particulièrement léger. Comme les threads, les fibres partagent le même espace mémoire. Toutefois, les fibres utilisent impérativement un multitâche coopératif là où les threads utilisent en général un multitâche préemptif. Les threads dépendent souvent de l'ordonnanceur (en anglais scheduler) du noyau (en anglais kernel) pour préempter un thread occupé et reprendre l'exécution d'un autre thread.
Windows NT 3.1Windows NT 3.1 is the first major release of the Windows NT operating system developed by Microsoft, released on July 27, 1993. At the time of Windows NT's release, Microsoft's Windows 3.1 desktop environment had established brand recognition and market share; but Windows 3.1 relied on the DOS operating system for essential functions, and it had a constrictive 16-bit architecture. Windows NT, however, was a complete, 32-bit operating system that retained a desktop environment familiar to Windows 3.1 users.
Parallel programming modelIn computing, a parallel programming model is an abstraction of parallel computer architecture, with which it is convenient to express algorithms and their composition in programs. The value of a programming model can be judged on its generality: how well a range of different problems can be expressed for a variety of different architectures, and its performance: how efficiently the compiled programs can execute. The implementation of a parallel programming model can take the form of a library invoked from a sequential language, as an extension to an existing language, or as an entirely new language.
Global interpreter lockA global interpreter lock (GIL) is a mechanism used in computer-language interpreters to synchronize the execution of threads so that only one native thread (per process) can execute at a time. An interpreter that uses GIL always allows exactly one thread to execute at a time, even if run on a multi-core processor. Some popular interpreters that have GIL are CPython and Ruby MRI. A global interpreter lock (GIL) is a mutual-exclusion lock held by a programming language interpreter thread to avoid sharing code that is not thread-safe with other threads.
