Set-builder notationIn set theory and its applications to logic, mathematics, and computer science, set-builder notation is a mathematical notation for describing a set by enumerating its elements, or stating the properties that its members must satisfy. Defining sets by properties is also known as set comprehension, set abstraction or as defining a set's intension. Set (mathematics)#Roster notation A set can be described directly by enumerating all of its elements between curly brackets, as in the following two examples: is the set containing the four numbers 3, 7, 15, and 31, and nothing else.
Germline mutationA germline mutation, or germinal mutation, is any detectable variation within germ cells (cells that, when fully developed, become sperm and ova). Mutations in these cells are the only mutations that can be passed on to offspring, when either a mutated sperm or oocyte come together to form a zygote. After this fertilization event occurs, germ cells divide rapidly to produce all of the cells in the body, causing this mutation to be present in every somatic and germline cell in the offspring; this is also known as a constitutional mutation.
Somatic mutationA somatic mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a somatic cell of a multicellular organism with dedicated reproductive cells; that is, any mutation that occurs in a cell other than a gamete, germ cell, or gametocyte. Unlike germline mutations, which can be passed on to the descendants of an organism, somatic mutations are not usually transmitted to descendants. This distinction is blurred in plants, which lack a dedicated germline, and in those animals that can reproduce asexually through mechanisms such as budding, as in members of the cnidarian genus Hydra.
Eocyte hypothesisThe eocyte hypothesis in evolutionary biology proposes that the eukaryotes originated from a group of prokaryotes called eocytes (later classified as Thermoproteota, a group of archaea). After his team at the University of California, Los Angeles discovered eocytes in 1984, James A. Lake formulated the hypothesis as "eocyte tree" that proposed eukaryotes as part of archaea. Lake hypothesised the tree of life as having only two primary branches: Parkaryoates that include Bacteria and Archaea, and karyotes that comprise Eukaryotes and eocytes.
IsoformeDans le domaine de la biologie cellulaire, les isoformes d'une protéine sont les différentes formes qu'elle prend lorsqu'elle est issue d'un même gène. Le processus impliqué à la formation des isoformes s'appelle épissage alternatif. Les protéines isoformes issues de la traduction d'un même gène ont des séquences peptidiques proches, mais se différencient par l'ajout ou la perte d'une partie de leurs séquences en acides aminés. De même, une modification de la séquence peut même avoir lieu dans le cas d'un décalage du cadre de lecture (frameshift).
Tree of life (biology)The tree of life or universal tree of life is a metaphor, model and research tool used to explore the evolution of life and describe the relationships between organisms, both living and extinct, as described in a famous passage in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859). The affinities of all the beings of the same class have sometimes been represented by a great tree. I believe this simile largely speaks the truth. Tree diagrams originated in the medieval era to represent genealogical relationships.
ChoanoflagellataLes Choanoflagellés, Choanoflagellata ou Choanomonada, sont un petit groupe d’eucaryotes opisthocontes unicellulaires proches des métazoaires. Ces protistes flagellés ont un mode de vie colonial et non-fixé (vivant en pleine eau) ou pour certaines espèces sont associés au périphyton. On en connait plus de 125 espèces, largement réparties et souvent abondantes. L'inventaire n'en est peut-être pas exhaustif.
