Ultrashort pulseIn optics, an ultrashort pulse, also known as an ultrafast event, is an electromagnetic pulse whose time duration is of the order of a picosecond (10−12 second) or less. Such pulses have a broadband optical spectrum, and can be created by mode-locked oscillators. Amplification of ultrashort pulses almost always requires the technique of chirped pulse amplification, in order to avoid damage to the gain medium of the amplifier. They are characterized by a high peak intensity (or more correctly, irradiance) that usually leads to nonlinear interactions in various materials, including air.
Amplificateur optiqueEn optique, on appelle amplificateur optique un dispositif qui amplifie un signal lumineux sans avoir besoin de le convertir d'abord en signal électrique avant de l'amplifier avec les techniques classiques de l'électronique. Un amplificateur à fibre dopée fonctionne à la manière d'un laser. Une portion de fibre optique est dopée et est pompée optiquement avec un laser afin de placer les ions de dopage dans un état excité.
High harmonic generationHigh harmonic generation (HHG) is a non-linear process during which a target (gas, plasma, solid or liquid sample) is illuminated by an intense laser pulse. Under such conditions, the sample will emit the high harmonics of the generation beam (above the fifth harmonic). Due to the coherent nature of the process, high harmonics generation is a prerequisite of attosecond physics. Perturbative harmonic generation is a process whereby laser light of frequency ω and photon energy ħω can be used to generate new frequencies of light.
Laserthumb|250px|Lasers rouges (660 & ), verts (532 & ) et bleus (445 & ). thumb|250px|Rayon laser à travers un dispositif optique. thumb|250px|Démonstration de laser hélium-néon au laboratoire Kastler-Brossel à l'Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie. Un laser (acronyme issu de l'anglais light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation qui signifie « amplification de la lumière par émission stimulée de radiation ») est un système photonique.
Pulsed laserPulsed operation of lasers refers to any laser not classified as continuous wave, so that the optical power appears in pulses of some duration at some repetition rate. This encompasses a wide range of technologies addressing a number of different motivations. Some lasers are pulsed simply because they cannot be run in continuous mode. In other cases the application requires the production of pulses having as large an energy as possible.
Impulsion électromagnétiquevignette|redresse=1.2|Simulateur d'EMP HAGII-C testé sur un avion Boeing E-4 (1979). Une impulsion électromagnétique (IEM), également connue sous le nom EMP (de l'anglais electromagnetic pulse) est une émission d'ondes électromagnétiques brève et de très forte amplitude qui peut détruire de nombreux appareils électriques et électroniques (reliés au courant et non protégés) et brouiller les télécommunications.
Femtosecond pulse shapingIn optics, femtosecond pulse shaping refers to manipulations with temporal profile of an ultrashort laser pulse. Pulse shaping can be used to shorten/elongate the duration of optical pulse, or to generate complex pulses. Generation of sequences of ultrashort optical pulses is key in realizing ultra high speed optical networks, Optical Code Division Multiple Access (OCDMA) systems, chemical and biological reaction triggering and monitoring etc.
Bandwidth-limited pulseA bandwidth-limited pulse (also known as Fourier-transform-limited pulse, or more commonly, transform-limited pulse) is a pulse of a wave that has the minimum possible duration for a given spectral bandwidth. Bandwidth-limited pulses have a constant phase across all frequencies making up the pulse. Optical pulses of this type can be generated by mode-locked lasers. Any waveform can be disassembled into its spectral components by Fourier analysis or Fourier transformation.
Blocage de modeLe blocage de mode ou verrouillage de mode désigne une technique de synchronisation de la phase des modes laser destinée à produire de courtes et intenses impulsions lumineuses. Le blocage de mode est réalisé à l'aide de différents éléments optiques : colorant à absorbant saturable, modulateur acousto-optique, cellule de Pockels... La principale application du blocage de mode est la réalisation de laser femtoseconde. Les premiers lasers à colorant délivrant de courtes impulsions sont apparus dans les années 1970, mais les impulsions qu'ils délivrent ne sont pas suffisamment stables .
Internal waveInternal waves are gravity waves that oscillate within a fluid medium, rather than on its surface. To exist, the fluid must be stratified: the density must change (continuously or discontinuously) with depth/height due to changes, for example, in temperature and/or salinity. If the density changes over a small vertical distance (as in the case of the thermocline in lakes and oceans or an atmospheric inversion), the waves propagate horizontally like surface waves, but do so at slower speeds as determined by the density difference of the fluid below and above the interface.
