Fragilisation par l'hydrogènevignette|Fissure d'un acier trempé provoquée par de l'hydrogène, observée au microscopie électronique à balayage. La fragilisation par l'hydrogène est un phénomène de fissuration de certains métaux au contact de l'hydrogène. Le rôle de l'hydrogène dissous dans un métal est connu depuis la fin du , mais encore incomplètement compris. Dès 1983, Airey et Van Rooyen démontrent qu'une présence d'hydrogène dissous dans le milieu environnant d'un métal peut aggraver le risque de corrosion, notamment de corrosion sous contrainte.
BrazingBrazing is a metal-joining process in which two or more metal items are joined together by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint, with the filler metal having a lower melting point than the adjoining metal. Brazing differs from welding in that it does not involve melting the work pieces. Brazing differs from soldering through the use of a higher temperature and much more closely fitted parts than when soldering. During the brazing process, the filler metal flows into the gap between close-fitting parts by capillary action.
Deviation (statistics)In mathematics and statistics, deviation is a measure of difference between the observed value of a variable and some other value, often that variable's mean. The sign of the deviation reports the direction of that difference (the deviation is positive when the observed value exceeds the reference value). The magnitude of the value indicates the size of the difference. Errors and residuals A deviation that is a difference between an observed value and the true value of a quantity of interest (where true value denotes the Expected Value, such as the population mean) is an error.
Mean signed deviationIn statistics, the mean signed difference (MSD), also known as mean signed deviation and mean signed error, is a sample statistic that summarises how well a set of estimates match the quantities that they are supposed to estimate. It is one of a number of statistics that can be used to assess an estimation procedure, and it would often be used in conjunction with a sample version of the mean square error.
ChaudronnerieLa chaudronnerie est une branche industrielle qui couvre l'ensemble des activités de mise en œuvre des métaux en feuilles, des tubes et des profilés entrant dans la réalisation d'équipements destinés aux secteurs des industries de l'alimentaire, de la chimie, de l'énergie (pétrole, gaz, nucléaire), de l'aéronautique et de l'espace, de la charpente (bâtiments, ouvrages d'art, ponts, structures métalliques terrestres et marines), de la manutention et du traitement des gaz et des liquides (canalisations terres
Équation de diffusionLéquation de diffusion est une équation aux dérivées partielles. En physique, elle décrit le comportement du déplacement collectif de particules (molécules, atomes, photons. neutrons, etc.) ou de quasi-particules comme les phonons dans un milieu causé par le mouvement aléatoire de chaque particule lorsque les échelles de temps et d'espace macroscopiques sont grandes devant leurs homologues microscopiques. Dans le cas contraire le problème est décrit par l'équation de Boltzmann.
Program analysisIn computer science, program analysis is the process of automatically analyzing the behavior of computer programs regarding a property such as correctness, robustness, safety and liveness. Program analysis focuses on two major areas: program optimization and program correctness. The first focuses on improving the program’s performance while reducing the resource usage while the latter focuses on ensuring that the program does what it is supposed to do.
Microscopie à fluorescenceLa microscopie en fluorescence (ou en épifluorescence) est une technique utilisant un microscope optique en tirant profit du phénomène de fluorescence et de phosphorescence, au lieu de, ou en plus de l'observation classique par réflexion ou absorption de la lumière visible naturelle ou artificielle. On peut ainsi observer divers objets, substances (organiques ou inorganiques) ou échantillons d'organismes morts ou vivants. Elle fait désormais partie des méthodes de recherche classiques et de la biologie et continue à se développer avec l'.
Unbiased estimation of standard deviationIn statistics and in particular statistical theory, unbiased estimation of a standard deviation is the calculation from a statistical sample of an estimated value of the standard deviation (a measure of statistical dispersion) of a population of values, in such a way that the expected value of the calculation equals the true value. Except in some important situations, outlined later, the task has little relevance to applications of statistics since its need is avoided by standard procedures, such as the use of significance tests and confidence intervals, or by using Bayesian analysis.
Reduced chi-squared statisticIn statistics, the reduced chi-square statistic is used extensively in goodness of fit testing. It is also known as mean squared weighted deviation (MSWD) in isotopic dating and variance of unit weight in the context of weighted least squares. Its square root is called regression standard error, standard error of the regression, or standard error of the equation (see ) It is defined as chi-square per degree of freedom: where the chi-squared is a weighted sum of squared deviations: with inputs: variance , observations O, and calculated data C.
