Bone marrow adipose tissueBone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), sometimes referred to as marrow adipose tissue (MAT), is a type of fat deposit in bone marrow. It increases in states of low bone density -osteoporosis, anorexia nervosa/ caloric restriction, skeletal unweighting such as that which occurs in space travel, and anti-diabetes therapies. BMAT decreases in anaemia, leukaemia, and hypertensive heart failure; in response to hormones such as oestrogen, leptin, and growth hormone; with exercise-induced weight loss or bariatric surgery; in response to chronic cold exposure; and in response to pharmacological agents such as bisphosphonates, teriparatide, and metformin.
Cancer du seinLe 'cancer du sein' est un cancer de la glande mammaire. Autrement dit, c'est un cancer qui naît dans les unités cellulaires dont la fonction est de sécréter le lait, les unités ducto-lobulaires du sein, essentiellement chez la femme. Huit cancers du sein sur dix se déclarent après 50 ans. Premier cancer dans le monde, il touche, en 2016, 1,8 million de femmes par an dans le monde, dont en France. On s'attend à ce qu'une femme sur huit reçoive un diagnostic de cancer du sein au cours de sa vie.
Amniotic stem cellsAmniotic stem cells are the mixture of stem cells that can be obtained from the amniotic fluid as well as the amniotic membrane. They can develop into various tissue types including skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone. The cells also have potential medical applications, especially in organ regeneration. The stem cells are usually extracted from the amniotic sac by amniocentesis which occurs without harming the embryos.
Stromal cellStromal cells, or mesenchymal stromal cells, are differentiating cells found in abundance within bone marrow but can also be seen all around the body. Stromal cells can become connective tissue cells of any organ, for example in the uterine mucosa (endometrium), prostate, bone marrow, lymph node and the ovary. They are cells that support the function of the parenchymal cells of that organ. The most common stromal cells include fibroblasts and pericytes. The term stromal comes from Latin stromat-, "bed covering", and Ancient Greek στρῶμα, , "bed".
Tumor hypoxiaTumor hypoxia is the situation where tumor cells have been deprived of oxygen. As a tumor grows, it rapidly outgrows its blood supply, leaving portions of the tumor with regions where the oxygen concentration is significantly lower than in healthy tissues. Hypoxic microenvironements in solid tumors are a result of available oxygen being consumed within 70 to 150 μm of tumour vasculature by rapidly proliferating tumor cells thus limiting the amount of oxygen available to diffuse further into the tumor tissue.
Breast cancer awarenessBreast cancer awareness is an effort to raise awareness and reduce the stigma of breast cancer through education about screening, symptoms, and treatment. Supporters hope that greater knowledge will lead to earlier detection of breast cancer, which is associated with higher long-term survival rates, and that money raised for breast cancer will produce a reliable, permanent cure. Breast cancer advocacy and awareness efforts are a type of health advocacy. Breast cancer advocates raise funds and lobby for better care, more knowledge, and more patient empowerment.
Metastatic breast cancerMetastatic breast cancer, also referred to as metastases, advanced breast cancer, secondary tumors, secondaries or stage IV breast cancer, is a stage of breast cancer where the breast cancer cells have spread to distant sites beyond the axillary lymph nodes. There is no cure for metastatic breast cancer; there is no stage after IV. Metastases can occur several years after the primary breast cancer, although it is sometimes diagnosed at the same time as the primary breast cancer or, rarely, before the primary breast cancer has been diagnosed.
Breast cancer screeningBreast cancer screening is the medical screening of asymptomatic, apparently healthy women for breast cancer in an attempt to achieve an earlier diagnosis. The assumption is that early detection will improve outcomes. A number of screening tests have been employed, including clinical and self breast exams, mammography, genetic screening, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging. A clinical or self breast exam involves feeling the breast for lumps or other abnormalities.
Tumeur de WilmsLa tumeur de Wilms ou néphroblastome représente plus de 90 % des tumeurs du rein chez l'enfant. Cette maladie cancéreuse est responsable de 5 à 14 % des cancers de l'enfant. Il est très différent du cancer du rein chez l'adulte. Cette tumeur se développe à partir du tissu à l'origine du rein : le blastème métanéphrotique de l'embryon. Les modèles actuels de la cancérogenèse indiquent qu'une mutation génétique laisse persister ce tissu embryonnaire après la vie intra-utérine. La tumeur de Wilms a un potentiel malin local et général.
Tumeur du cerveauvignette|Biopsie du cerveau vignette|Scanner du cerveau d'une fillette de 6 ans atteinte d'un médulloblastome (tumeur cérébrale la plus fréquente chez les enfants de moins de 2 ans). Les tumeurs cérébrales désignent l'ensemble des tumeurs, bénignes ou malignes, se développant dans le parenchyme cérébral. Elles surviennent par le développement anormal et désorganisé de divisions cellulaires, à partir soit d'une cellule du cerveau lui-même, soit d'une cellule métastatique exportée d'un cancer situé dans une autre partie du corps.
