Valeur sélectiveLa valeur sélective (valeur adaptative ou fitness en reprenant le nom anglais) est un concept central en biologie de l'évolution. Elle décrit la capacité d'un individu d'un certain génotype à se reproduire. C'est une mesure de la sélection naturelle qui peut être définie de nombreuses façons. Darwin fut le premier à parler du concept de valeur sélective. La valeur sélective d'un individu peut être mesurée par la proportion de ses descendants qui atteignent la maturité sexuelle.
Effet WallaceL'Effet Wallace, évoqué pour la première fois en 1889 par Alfred Russel Wallace, est l'hypothèse que si deux organismes sont avantagés dans la compétition pour la survie, ils ont tendance à se reproduire préférentiellement ensemble (ce que l'on nomme un isolement reproductif), ce qui finalement aboutit à la création d'une nouvelle espèce, les hybrides entre les descendants de ces deux organismes et les autres représentants de l’espèce étant non viables.
Viral evolutionViral evolution is a subfield of evolutionary biology and virology that is specifically concerned with the evolution of viruses. Viruses have short generation times, and many—in particular RNA viruses—have relatively high mutation rates (on the order of one point mutation or more per genome per round of replication). Although most viral mutations confer no benefit and often even prove deleterious to viruses, the rapid rate of viral mutation combined with natural selection allows viruses to quickly adapt to changes in their host environment.
Mutation–selection balanceMutation–selection balance is an equilibrium in the number of deleterious alleles in a population that occurs when the rate at which deleterious alleles are created by mutation equals the rate at which deleterious alleles are eliminated by selection. The majority of genetic mutations are neutral or deleterious; beneficial mutations are relatively rare. The resulting influx of deleterious mutations into a population over time is counteracted by negative selection, which acts to purge deleterious mutations.
Industrial melanismIndustrial melanism is an evolutionary effect prominent in several arthropods, where dark pigmentation (melanism) has evolved in an environment affected by industrial pollution, including sulphur dioxide gas and dark soot deposits. Sulphur dioxide kills lichens, leaving tree bark bare where in clean areas it is boldly patterned, while soot darkens bark and other surfaces. Darker pigmented individuals have a higher fitness in those areas as their camouflage matches the polluted background better; they are thus favoured by natural selection.
Background selectionBackground selection describes the loss of genetic diversity at a non-deleterious locus due to negative selection against linked deleterious alleles. It is one form of linked selection, where the maintenance or removal of an allele from a population is dependent upon the alleles in its linkage group. The name emphasizes the fact that the genetic background, or genomic environment, of a neutral mutation has a significant impact on whether it will be preserved (genetic hitchhiking) or purged (background selection) from a population.
Weak selectionWeak selection in evolutionary biology is when individuals with different phenotypes possess similar fitness, i.e. one phenotype is weakly preferred over the other. Weak selection, therefore, is an evolutionary theory to explain the maintenance of multiple phenotypes in a stable population. Weak selection can only be used to explain the maintenance of mutations in a Moran process. A Moran process is one in which birth and death are paired events, and therefore population size remains constant.
OseltamivirL’oseltamivir (Belgique et Suisse) ou oséltamivir (France) est un médicament antiviral, délivré oralement, utilisé pour le traitement, la prévention des grippes A et B. Il est distribué sous la marque Tamiflu. Selon une étude publiée en 2015, ce médicament réduit aussi les risques de complication. Il est produit à partir d'acide shikimique, un inhibiteur de la neuraminidase, l'enzyme présente en surface du virus qui attaque les parois des cellules à contaminer. vignette|Boîte d'oseltamivir (Tamiflu).
Powered air-purifying respiratorA powered air-purifying respirator (PAPR) is a type of respirator used to safeguard workers against contaminated air. PAPRs consist of a headgear-and-fan assembly that takes ambient air contaminated with one or more type of pollutant or pathogen, actively removes (filters) a sufficient proportion of these hazards, and then delivers the clean air to the user's face or mouth and nose. They have a higher assigned protection factor than filtering facepiece respirators such as N95 masks.
Viral phenomenonViral phenomena or viral sensation are objects or patterns that are able to replicate themselves or convert other objects into copies of themselves when these objects are exposed to them. Analogous to the way in which viruses propagate, the term viral pertains to a video, image, or written content spreading to numerous online users within a short time period. This concept has become a common way to describe how thoughts, information, and trends move into and through a human population.
