Universal health careUniversal health care (also called universal health coverage, universal coverage, or universal care) is a health care system in which all residents of a particular country or region are assured access to health care. It is generally organized around providing either all residents or only those who cannot afford on their own, with either health services or the means to acquire them, with the end goal of improving health outcomes.
Health human resourcesHealth human resources (HHR) – also known as human resources for health (HRH) or health workforce – is defined as "all people engaged in actions whose primary intent is to enhance positive health outcomes", according to World Health Organization's World Health Report 2006. Human resources for health are identified as one of the six core building blocks of a health system.
ÉpidémiologieL'épidémiologie est une discipline scientifique qui étudie les problèmes de santé dans les populations humaines, leur fréquence, leur distribution dans le temps et dans l’espace, ainsi que les facteurs exerçant une influence sur la santé et les maladies de populations. L'étude de la répartition et des déterminants des événements de santé sert de fondement à la logique des interventions faites en matière de santé publique et de médecine préventive.
Système de santévignette|Système de santé universel Un système de santé ou système de soins de santé décrit les moyens organisationnels et stratégiques mis en place par pays, par zones géographiques ou entités communautaires, afin d'assurer une continuité et une qualité des prestations de santé médicale. Il réunit toutes les organisations, institutions et ressources qui interviennent en matière de santé et qui fournissent des soins formels (médecins, infirmiers, maternité, hôpitaux et pharmacies), des soins informels (guérisseurs traditionnels, travailleurs communautaires) ainsi que d'autres services, comme la recherche.
Deviance information criterionThe deviance information criterion (DIC) is a hierarchical modeling generalization of the Akaike information criterion (AIC). It is particularly useful in Bayesian model selection problems where the posterior distributions of the models have been obtained by Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) simulation. DIC is an asymptotic approximation as the sample size becomes large, like AIC. It is only valid when the posterior distribution is approximately multivariate normal.
Statistical model validationIn statistics, model validation is the task of evaluating whether a chosen statistical model is appropriate or not. Oftentimes in statistical inference, inferences from models that appear to fit their data may be flukes, resulting in a misunderstanding by researchers of the actual relevance of their model. To combat this, model validation is used to test whether a statistical model can hold up to permutations in the data.
Focused information criterionIn statistics, the focused information criterion (FIC) is a method for selecting the most appropriate model among a set of competitors for a given data set. Unlike most other model selection strategies, like the Akaike information criterion (AIC), the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and the deviance information criterion (DIC), the FIC does not attempt to assess the overall fit of candidate models but focuses attention directly on the parameter of primary interest with the statistical analysis, say , for which competing models lead to different estimates, say for model .
Health care qualityHealth care quality is a level of value provided by any health care resource, as determined by some measurement. As with quality in other fields, it is an assessment of whether something is good enough and whether it is suitable for its purpose. The goal of health care is to provide medical resources of high quality to all who need them; that is, to ensure good quality of life, cure illnesses when possible, to extend life expectancy, and so on.
Équité en santéL'équité en santé est un concept de santé publique décrivant l'équité d'accès aux ressources de santé, pour des déterminants génétiques, socio-environnementaux et économiques de la santé variant selon les individus, familles et groupes sociaux ou sociétaux. L'équité peut être abordée du côté de l'offre (les pays ou régions pauvres ont une offre moindre en équipement médical, en médicaments...
Model selectionModel selection is the task of selecting a model from among various candidates on the basis of performance criterion to choose the best one. In the context of learning, this may be the selection of a statistical model from a set of candidate models, given data. In the simplest cases, a pre-existing set of data is considered. However, the task can also involve the design of experiments such that the data collected is well-suited to the problem of model selection.
