Transistor modelTransistors are simple devices with complicated behavior. In order to ensure the reliable operation of circuits employing transistors, it is necessary to scientifically model the physical phenomena observed in their operation using transistor models. There exists a variety of different models that range in complexity and in purpose. Transistor models divide into two major groups: models for device design and models for circuit design. The modern transistor has an internal structure that exploits complex physical mechanisms.
Small-signal modelSmall-signal modeling is a common analysis technique in electronics engineering used to approximate the behavior of electronic circuits containing nonlinear devices with linear equations. It is applicable to electronic circuits in which the AC signals (i.e., the time-varying currents and voltages in the circuit) are small relative to the DC bias currents and voltages. A small-signal model is an AC equivalent circuit in which the nonlinear circuit elements are replaced by linear elements whose values are given by the first-order (linear) approximation of their characteristic curve near the bias point.
Unité arithmétique et logiqueL'unité arithmétique et logique (UAL, en anglais arithmetic–logic unit, ALU), est l'organe de l'ordinateur chargé d'effectuer les calculs. Le plus souvent, l'UAL est incluse dans l'unité centrale de traitement ou le microprocesseur. Elle est constituée d'un circuit à portes logiques. Les UAL peuvent être spécialisées ou pas. Les UAL élémentaires calculent sur des nombres entiers, et peuvent effectuer les opérations communes, que l'on peut séparer en quatre groupes : Les opérations arithmétiques : addition, soustraction, changement de signe, etc.
Three-dimensional integrated circuitA three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) is a MOS (metal-oxide semiconductor) integrated circuit (IC) manufactured by stacking as many as 16 or more ICs and interconnecting them vertically using, for instance, through-silicon vias (TSVs) or Cu-Cu connections, so that they behave as a single device to achieve performance improvements at reduced power and smaller footprint than conventional two dimensional processes. The 3D IC is one of several 3D integration schemes that exploit the z-direction to achieve electrical performance benefits in microelectronics and nanoelectronics.
Logic familyIn computer engineering, a logic family is one of two related concepts: A logic family of monolithic digital integrated circuit devices is a group of electronic logic gates constructed using one of several different designs, usually with compatible logic levels and power supply characteristics within a family. Many logic families were produced as individual components, each containing one or a few related basic logical functions, which could be used as "building-blocks" to create systems or as so-called "glue" to interconnect more complex integrated circuits.
Diode modellingIn electronics, diode modelling refers to the mathematical models used to approximate the actual behaviour of real diodes to enable calculations and circuit analysis. A diode's I-V curve is nonlinear. A very accurate, but complicated, physical model composes the I-V curve from three exponentials with a slightly different steepness (i.e. ideality factor), which correspond to different recombination mechanisms in the device; at very large and very tiny currents the curve can be continued by linear segments (i.
Architecture de processeurUne architecture externe de processeur ou architecture de jeu d'instructions (ISA, de l'anglais instruction set architecture), ou tout simplement architecture (de processeur), est la spécification fonctionnelle d'un processeur, du point de vue du programmeur en langage machine. L'architecture comprend notamment la donnée d'un jeu d'instructions, d'un ensemble de registres visibles par le programmeur, d'une organisation de la mémoire et des entrées sorties, des modalités d'un éventuel support multiprocesseur, etc.
65 nmthumb|Processeur XCPU Falcon gravé en 65 nm désigne le procédé de fabrication des semi-conducteurs qui succède au procédé de fabrication par CMOS. Les premiers processeurs possédant cette technologie sont apparus sur le marché en 2006. Les processeurs Xenon de la génération "Falcon" sont gravés en technologie 65 nm, ainsi que les POWER6 et les Itanium 4 cores sortis en 2008. C'est également avec cette finesse qu'étaient gravés les CPU et GPU de certains modèles de PlayStation 3.
Register Transfer LevelRegister Transfer Level (RTL) est une méthode de description des architectures microélectroniques. Dans la conception RTL, le comportement d'un circuit est défini en termes d'envois de signaux ou de transferts de données entre registres, et les opérations logiques effectuées sur ces signaux. Le RTL est utilisé dans les langages de description matérielle (HDL) comme Verilog et VHDL pour créer des représentations d'un circuit à haut niveau, à partir duquel les représentations à plus bas niveau et le câblage réel peuvent être dérivés.
Linear integrated circuitA linear integrated circuit or analog chip is a set of miniature electronic analog circuits formed on a single piece of semiconductor material. The voltage and current at specified points in the circuits of analog chips vary continuously over time. In contrast, digital chips only assign meaning to voltages or currents at discrete levels. In addition to transistors, analog chips often include a larger number of passive elements (capacitors, resistors, and inductors) than digital chips.
