Motor skillA motor skill is a function that involves specific movements of the body's muscles to perform a certain task. These tasks could include walking, running, or riding a bike. In order to perform this skill, the body's nervous system, muscles, and brain have to all work together. The goal of motor skill is to optimize the ability to perform the skill at the rate of success, precision, and to reduce the energy consumption required for performance. Performance is an act of executing a motor skill or task.
PerceptionLa perception est l'activité par laquelle un sujet fait l'expérience d'objets ou de propriétés présents dans son environnement. Cette activité repose habituellement sur des informations fournies par ses sens. Chez l'espèce humaine, la perception est aussi liée aux mécanismes de cognition. Le mot « perception » désigne : soit le processus de recueil et de traitement de l'information sensorielle ou sensible (en psychologie cognitive par exemple) ; soit la prise de conscience qui en résulte (en philosophie de la perception notamment).
Motor systemThe motor system is the set of central and peripheral structures in the nervous system that support motor functions, i.e. movement. Peripheral structures may include skeletal muscles and neural connections with muscle tissues. Central structures include cerebral cortex, brainstem, spinal cord, pyramidal system including the upper motor neurons, extrapyramidal system, cerebellum, and the lower motor neurons in the brainstem and the spinal cord. The motor system is a biological system with close ties to the muscular system and the circulatory system.
Spastic cerebral palsySpastic cerebral palsy is the type of cerebral palsy characterized by spasticity or high muscle tone often resulting in stiff, jerky movements. Cases of spastic CP are further classified according to the part or parts of the body that are most affected. Such classifications include spastic diplegia, spastic hemiplegia, spastic quadriplegia, and in cases of single limb involvement, spastic monoplegia. Spastic cerebral palsy affects the motor cortex of the brain, a specific portion of the cerebral cortex responsible for the planning and completion of voluntary movement.
Fine motor skillFine motor skill (or dexterity) is the coordination of small muscles in movement with the eyes, hands and fingers. The complex levels of manual dexterity that humans exhibit can be related to the nervous system. Fine motor skills aid in the growth of intelligence and develop continuously throughout the stages of human development. Motor skills are movements and actions of the bone structures. Typically, they are categorised into two groups: gross motor skills and fine motor skills.
Gross motor skillGross motor skills are the abilities usually acquired during childhood as part of a child's motor learning. By the time they reach two years of age, almost all children are able to stand up, walk and run, walk up stairs, etc. These skills are built upon, improved and better controlled throughout early childhood, and continue in refinement throughout most of the individual's years of development into adulthood. These gross movements come from large muscle groups and whole body movement.
Infirmité motrice cérébraleL'infirmité motrice d'origine cérébrale (IMC ou IMOC) a été définie en 1955 par le professeur Guy Tardieu comme étant une infirmité motrice due à des lésions survenues durant la période périnatale. Aujourd'hui, on utilise plus fréquemment le terme de « paralysie cérébrale ». Les sujets souffrant d'affections neurologiques dégénératives ou de retards moteurs liés à une déficience intellectuelle ne peuvent donc pas être considérés comme IMOC. Il s'agit d'un état pathologique (non évolutif) non héréditaire comportant diverses atteintes neurologiques.
Stimulus modalityStimulus modality, also called sensory modality, is one aspect of a stimulus or what is perceived after a stimulus. For example, the temperature modality is registered after heat or cold stimulate a receptor. Some sensory modalities include: light, sound, temperature, taste, pressure, and smell. The type and location of the sensory receptor activated by the stimulus plays the primary role in coding the sensation. All sensory modalities work together to heighten stimuli sensation when necessary.
Multisensory integrationMultisensory integration, also known as multimodal integration, is the study of how information from the different sensory modalities (such as sight, sound, touch, smell, self-motion, and taste) may be integrated by the nervous system. A coherent representation of objects combining modalities enables animals to have meaningful perceptual experiences. Indeed, multisensory integration is central to adaptive behavior because it allows animals to perceive a world of coherent perceptual entities.
Apprentissage moteur. Les approches basées sur les théories de l’apprentissage moteur tiennent habituellement compte de quatre variables principales: les étapes d’apprentissage, le type de tâche à réaliser, la pratique et le feedback. Le processus d’apprentissage moteur comprend trois stades. Le premier est le stade cognitif, c’est-à-dire que l’individu connaît chaque séquence de la tâche à réaliser, mais il ne sait pas exactement comment l’exécuter. Ensuite, il y a le stade associatif, qui correspond au raffinement des habiletés motrices et à la diminution d’erreurs.
