Émission stimuléethumb|Émission stimulée (lasers). L’émission stimulée (ou émission induite) est, en physique atomique, le processus de désexcitation d'un électron favorisé en illuminant l’atome d’une lumière ayant une longueur d’onde correspondant à l’énergie de transition entre les deux états électroniques. Ce processus, qui est la base du fonctionnement des lasers, ne peut être compris que dans le cadre de la théorie quantique des champs qui considère d’un point de vue quantique à la fois l’électron en orbite autour de l’atome ainsi que le champ électromagnétique qui interagit avec l’atome.
Diodevignette|Différents types de diodes. La diode (du grec di deux, double ; odos voie, chemin) est un composant électronique. C'est un dipôle non linéaire et polarisé (ou non symétrique). Le sens de branchement d'une diode détermine le fonctionnement du circuit électronique dans lequel elle est placée. Sans précision ce mot désigne un dipôle qui ne laisse passer le courant électrique que dans un sens. Ce dipôle est appelé diode de redressement lorsqu'il est utilisé pour réaliser les redresseurs qui permettent de transformer le courant alternatif en courant continu.
NeurotransmissionNeurotransmission (Latin: transmissio "passage, crossing" from transmittere "send, let through") is the process by which signaling molecules called neurotransmitters are released by the axon terminal of a neuron (the presynaptic neuron), and bind to and react with the receptors on the dendrites of another neuron (the postsynaptic neuron) a short distance away. A similar process occurs in retrograde neurotransmission, where the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron release retrograde neurotransmitters (e.g.
Fiber laserA fiber laser (or fibre laser in Commonwealth English) is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, thulium and holmium. They are related to doped fiber amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing. Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing can also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.
Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoringIntraoperative neurophysiological monitoring (IONM) or intraoperative neuromonitoring is the use of electrophysiological methods such as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and evoked potentials to monitor the functional integrity of certain neural structures (e.g., nerves, spinal cord and parts of the brain) during surgery. The purpose of IONM is to reduce the risk to the patient of iatrogenic damage to the nervous system, and/or to provide functional guidance to the surgeon and anesthesiologist.
Optical jukeboxAn optical jukebox is a robotic data storage device that can automatically load and unload optical discs, such as Compact Disc, DVD, Ultra Density Optical or Blu-ray and can provide terabytes (TB) or petabytes (PB) of tertiary storage. The devices are often called optical disk libraries, "optical storage archives", robotic drives, or autochangers. Jukebox devices may have up to 2,000 slots for disks, and usually have a picking device that traverses the slots and drives. Zerras Inc.
Optical disc driveIn computing, an optical disc drive is a disc drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs. Some drives can only read from certain discs, but recent drives can both read and record, also called burners or writers (since they physically burn the organic dye on write-once CD-R, DVD-R and BD-R LTH discs). Compact discs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs are common types of optical media which can be read and recorded by such drives.
Blue laserA blue laser emits electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 400 and 500 nanometers, which the human eye sees in the visible spectrum as blue or violet. Blue lasers can be produced by direct, inorganic diode semiconductor lasers based on quantum wells of gallium(III) nitride at 380-417nm or indium gallium nitride at 450nm diode-pumped solid-state infrared lasers with frequency-doubling to 405nm upconversion of direct diode semiconductor lasers via thullium or paraseodyium doped fibers at 480nm metal vapor, ionized gas lasers of helium-cadmium at 442 nm and 10-200 mW argon-ion lasers at 458 and 488 nm Lasers emitting wavelengths below 445 nm appear violet, but are called blue lasers.
Luminescence optiquement stimuléeLa luminescence optiquement stimulée (de l'anglais Optically Stimulated Luminescence ou OSL) est une technique utilisée pour la datation des minéraux. Cette technique repose sur le principe que dans certains minéraux, tels que le quartz et le feldspath, les électrons de leurs cristaux peuvent être piégés entre la bande de valence et la bande de conduction à la suite d'une excitation par la radiation ionisante émise par des radionucléides présents naturellement dans le sol (p.ex.
Ionotropic glutamate receptorIonotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate. They mediate the majority of excitatory synaptic transmission throughout the central nervous system and are key players in synaptic plasticity, which is important for learning and memory. iGluRs have been divided into four subtypes on the basis of their ligand binding properties (pharmacology) and sequence similarity: AMPA receptors, kainate receptors, NMDA receptors and delta receptors (see below).
