Sursaut radio rapidevignette|upright=1.2|Illustration du premier sursaut Lorimer, détecté en 2007. En astronomie, les sursauts radio rapides (fast radio burst, abrégé FRB), ou sursauts Lorimer (Lorimer burst), sont des sursauts d'ondes radio d'une durée de quelques millisecondes. Le premier d'entre eux a été découvert par une équipe de chercheurs menée par Duncan Lorimer, qui a analysé les données d'un relevé astronomique du Petit Nuage de Magellan.
Coincidence detection in neurobiologyCoincidence detection is a neuronal process in which a neural circuit encodes information by detecting the occurrence of temporally close but spatially distributed input signals. Coincidence detectors influence neuronal information processing by reducing temporal jitter and spontaneous activity, allowing the creation of variable associations between separate neural events in memory. The study of coincidence detectors has been crucial in neuroscience with regards to understanding the formation of computational maps in the brain.
Synapsethumb|400px|Synapse entre deux neurones. La synapse (du grec , « contact, point de jonction », dérivé de , « joindre, connecter ») est une zone de contact fonctionnelle qui s'établit entre deux neurones, ou entre un neurone et une autre cellule (cellules musculaires, récepteurs sensoriels...). Elle assure la conversion d'un potentiel d'action déclenché dans le neurone présynaptique en un signal dans la cellule postsynaptique. On estime, pour certains types cellulaires (par exemple cellule pyramidale, cellule de Purkinje.
Glutamate receptorGlutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells. Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system and especially prominent in the human brain where it is the body's most prominent neurotransmitter, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, and also the precursor for GABA, the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter.
Réseau de neurones récurrentsUn réseau de neurones récurrents (RNN pour recurrent neural network en anglais) est un réseau de neurones artificiels présentant des connexions récurrentes. Un réseau de neurones récurrents est constitué d'unités (neurones) interconnectées interagissant non-linéairement et pour lequel il existe au moins un cycle dans la structure. Les unités sont reliées par des arcs (synapses) qui possèdent un poids. La sortie d'un neurone est une combinaison non linéaire de ses entrées.
Retrograde signalingRetrograde signaling in biology is the process where a signal travels backwards from a target source to its original source. For example, the nucleus of a cell is the original source for creating signaling proteins. During retrograde signaling, instead of signals leaving the nucleus, they are sent to the nucleus. In cell biology, this type of signaling typically occurs between the mitochondria or chloroplast and the nucleus. Signaling molecules from the mitochondria or chloroplast act on the nucleus to affect nuclear gene expression.
Effects of long-term benzodiazepine useThe effects of long-term benzodiazepine use include drug dependence as well as the possibility of adverse effects on cognitive function, physical health, and mental health. Long-term use is sometimes described as use not shorter than three months. Benzodiazepines are generally effective when used therapeutically in the short term, but even then the risk of dependency can be significantly high. There are significant physical, mental and social risks associated with the long-term use of benzodiazepines.
Réseau de neurones artificielsUn réseau de neurones artificiels, ou réseau neuronal artificiel, est un système dont la conception est à l'origine schématiquement inspirée du fonctionnement des neurones biologiques, et qui par la suite s'est rapproché des méthodes statistiques. Les réseaux de neurones sont généralement optimisés par des méthodes d'apprentissage de type probabiliste, en particulier bayésien.
Schaffer collateralSchaffer collaterals are axon collaterals given off by CA3 pyramidal cells in the hippocampus. These collaterals project to area CA1 of the hippocampus and are an integral part of memory formation and the emotional network of the Papez circuit, and of the hippocampal trisynaptic loop. It is one of the most studied synapses in the world and named after the Hungarian anatomist-neurologist Károly Schaffer. As a part of the hippocampal structures, Schaffer collaterals develop the limbic system, which plays a critical role in the aspects of learning and memory.
Homeostatic plasticityIn neuroscience, homeostatic plasticity refers to the capacity of neurons to regulate their own excitability relative to network activity. The term homeostatic plasticity derives from two opposing concepts: 'homeostatic' (a product of the Greek words for 'same' and 'state' or 'condition') and plasticity (or 'change'), thus homeostatic plasticity means "staying the same through change". Homeostatic synaptic plasticity is a means of maintaining the synaptic basis for learning, respiration, and locomotion, in contrast to the Hebbian plasticity associated with learning and memory.
