Electrolytic capacitorAn electrolytic capacitor is a polarized capacitor whose anode or positive plate is made of a metal that forms an insulating oxide layer through anodization. This oxide layer acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A solid, liquid, or gel electrolyte covers the surface of this oxide layer, serving as the cathode or negative plate of the capacitor. Because of their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged anode surface, electrolytic capacitors have a much higher capacitance-voltage (CV) product per unit volume than ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, and so can have large capacitance values.
Photovoltaic system performancePhotovoltaic system performance is a function of the climatic conditions, the equipment used and the system configuration. PV performance can be measured as the ratio of actual solar PV system output vs expected values, the measurement being essential for proper solar PV facility's operation and maintenance. The primary energy input is the global light irradiance in the plane of the solar arrays, and this in turn is a combination of the direct and the diffuse radiation.
Centrale solaire photovoltaïquethumb|Le Nellis Solar Power Plant comprend solaires PV sur (). Une centrale solaire photovoltaïque est un dispositif technique de production d'électricité renouvelable par des capteurs solaires photovoltaïques reliés entre eux (en série et en parallèle) et raccordé au réseau électrique par des onduleurs. Les centrales solaires sont de plus en plus puissantes (plus de en 2012), contrairement aux systèmes solaires photovoltaïques autonomes destinés à l'alimentation en électricité de bâtiments ou d'installations isolées (autoconsommation) dont la puissance dépasse rarement .
Aluminum electrolytic capacitorAluminum electrolytic capacitors are polarized electrolytic capacitors whose anode electrode (+) is made of a pure aluminum foil with an etched surface. The aluminum forms a very thin insulating layer of aluminum oxide by anodization that acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A non-solid electrolyte covers the rough surface of the oxide layer, serving in principle as the second electrode (cathode) (-) of the capacitor. A second aluminum foil called “cathode foil” contacts the electrolyte and serves as the electrical connection to the negative terminal of the capacitor.
Conductivity (electrolytic)Conductivity (or specific conductance) of an electrolyte solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity. The SI unit of conductivity is siemens per meter (S/m). Conductivity measurements are used routinely in many industrial and environmental applications as a fast, inexpensive and reliable way of measuring the ionic content in a solution. For example, the measurement of product conductivity is a typical way to monitor and continuously trend the performance of water purification systems.
Panneau photovoltaïque à concentrationUn panneau photovoltaïque à concentration, parfois simplement dénommé « panneau à concentration » est un module solaire photovoltaïque composé d'une série de dispositifs optiques de concentration de la lumière (lentilles ou miroirs) sur des cellules photovoltaïques (qui doivent être refroidies si le taux de concentration est élevé). Le composant le plus cher d'un module est - de loin - la cellule photovoltaïque.
Timeline of solar cellsIn the 19th century, it was observed that the sunlight striking certain materials generates detectable electric current – the photoelectric effect. This discovery laid the foundation for solar cells. Solar cells have gone on to be used in many applications. They have historically been used in situations where electrical power from the grid was unavailable. As the invention was brought out it made solar cells as a prominent utilization for power generation for satellites.
Installation photovoltaïque intégrée au bâtithumb|Habitations avec des panneaux solaires intégrés au bâti à Fribourg-en-Brisgau. Les installations photovoltaïques intégrées au bâti sont des installations photovoltaïques se substituant aux éléments de construction traditionnels des maisons et immeubles. La filière est souvent désignée par son acronyme anglais BIPV (). L’intégration du photovoltaïque au bâti apparait dans les années 1980 aux États-Unis, ces systèmes installés sur des bâtiments connectés au réseau ne sont pas montés en surimposition mais intégrés esthétiquement car le photovoltaïque arrive en ville et ne se limite plus au site isolé.
Nanocrystal solar cellNanocrystal solar cells are solar cells based on a substrate with a coating of nanocrystals. The nanocrystals are typically based on silicon, CdTe or CIGS and the substrates are generally silicon or various organic conductors. Quantum dot solar cells are a variant of this approach which take advantage of quantum mechanical effects to extract further performance. Dye-sensitized solar cells are another related approach, but in this case the nano-structuring is a part of the substrate.
Third-generation photovoltaic cellThird-generation photovoltaic cells are solar cells that are potentially able to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit of 31–41% power efficiency for single bandgap solar cells. This includes a range of alternatives to cells made of semiconducting p-n junctions ("first generation") and thin film cells ("second generation"). Common third-generation systems include multi-layer ("tandem") cells made of amorphous silicon or gallium arsenide, while more theoretical developments include frequency conversion, (i.e.
