Loi de puissanceLa loi de puissance est une relation mathématique entre deux quantités. Si une quantité est la fréquence d'un évènement et l'autre est la taille d'un évènement, alors la relation est une distribution de la loi de puissance si les fréquences diminuent très lentement lorsque la taille de l'évènement augmente. En science, une loi de puissance est une relation entre deux quantités x et y qui peut s'écrire de la façon suivante : où a est une constante dite constante de proportionnalité, k, valeur négative, est une autre constante, dite exposant, puissance, indice ou encore degré de la loi et x nombre réel strictement positif.
Definite matrixIn mathematics, a symmetric matrix with real entries is positive-definite if the real number is positive for every nonzero real column vector where is the transpose of . More generally, a Hermitian matrix (that is, a complex matrix equal to its conjugate transpose) is positive-definite if the real number is positive for every nonzero complex column vector where denotes the conjugate transpose of Positive semi-definite matrices are defined similarly, except that the scalars and are required to be positive or zero (that is, nonnegative).
Partial traceIn linear algebra and functional analysis, the partial trace is a generalization of the trace. Whereas the trace is a scalar valued function on operators, the partial trace is an operator-valued function. The partial trace has applications in quantum information and decoherence which is relevant for quantum measurement and thereby to the decoherent approaches to interpretations of quantum mechanics, including consistent histories and the relative state interpretation.
Mixing (mathematics)In mathematics, mixing is an abstract concept originating from physics: the attempt to describe the irreversible thermodynamic process of mixing in the everyday world: e.g. mixing paint, mixing drinks, industrial mixing. The concept appears in ergodic theory—the study of stochastic processes and measure-preserving dynamical systems. Several different definitions for mixing exist, including strong mixing, weak mixing and topological mixing, with the last not requiring a measure to be defined.
LindbladianIn quantum mechanics, the Gorini–Kossakowski–Sudarshan–Lindblad equation (GKSL equation, named after Vittorio Gorini, Andrzej Kossakowski, George Sudarshan and Göran Lindblad), master equation in Lindblad form, quantum Liouvillian, or Lindbladian is one of the general forms of Markovian master equations describing open quantum systems. It generalizes the Schrödinger equation to open quantum systems; that is, systems in contacts with their surroundings.
Pivot elementThe pivot or pivot element is the element of a matrix, or an array, which is selected first by an algorithm (e.g. Gaussian elimination, simplex algorithm, etc.), to do certain calculations. In the case of matrix algorithms, a pivot entry is usually required to be at least distinct from zero, and often distant from it; in this case finding this element is called pivoting. Pivoting may be followed by an interchange of rows or columns to bring the pivot to a fixed position and allow the algorithm to proceed successfully, and possibly to reduce round-off error.
Array slicingIn computer programming, array slicing is an operation that extracts a subset of elements from an array and packages them as another array, possibly in a different dimension from the original. Common examples of array slicing are extracting a substring from a string of characters, the "ell" in "hello", extracting a row or column from a two-dimensional array, or extracting a vector from a matrix. Depending on the programming language, an array slice can be made out of non-consecutive elements.
Système physiqueUn système physique est une partie de l'Univers physique, choisie pour son analyse. Les systèmes physiques n'existent pas dans la nature, ce sont des constructions de l'esprit humain pour la modélisation et l'analyse des phénomènes physiques. Comme tout système en général, un système physique se caractérise par sa frontière qui distingue ses constituants internes de son environnement externe ; s’il n’est pas isolé, le système physique peut interagir avec son environnement.
