ComputingComputing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and development of both hardware and software. Computing has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, digital art and software engineering.
Application virtualizationApplication virtualization is a software technology that encapsulates computer programs from the underlying operating system on which they are executed. A fully virtualized application is not installed in the traditional sense, although it is still executed as if it were. The application behaves at runtime like it is directly interfacing with the original operating system and all the resources managed by it, but can be isolated or sandboxed to varying degrees.
Conteneur (virtualisation)La virtualisation au niveau du système d'exploitation est un paradigme de système d'exploitation (SE) dans lequel le noyau permet l'existence de plusieurs instances d'espace utilisateur isolées, appelées le plus souvent conteneurs (LXC, Solaris containers, Docker, Podman), mais également zones (Solaris containeurs), serveurs privés virtuels (OpenVZ), partitions, environnements virtuels, noyaux virtuels (DragonFly BSD) ou encore prisons (FreeBSD jail ou chroot jail).
Mesa 3DMesa 3D est une bibliothèque graphique libre, initialement développée par Brian Paul, à partir d', qui fournit une implémentation générique d'OpenGL pour réaliser des en temps réel, et ce sur de multiples plates-formes. Bien que Mesa 3D ne soit pas une implémentation officielle d'OpenGL, les structures, syntaxe et sémantique de son API sont celles d'OpenGL. En , Mesa 3D était la seule implémentation d'OpenGL complètement open source. Elle est principalement utilisée par l'implémentation X.
Pile graphique Linuxthumb|300px| à OpenGL. La pile graphique Linux (Linux graphics stack) désigne, dans une distribution GNU/Linux, l’ensemble des composants logiciels qui interviennent dans le processus d’affichage. Fichier:Linux graphics drivers 2D.svg|Pilotes 2D inclus dans [[serveur d'affichage|X server]] Fichier:Linux graphics drivers Utah GLX.svg|Rendu indirect par-dessus [[GLX]], utilisant [[Utah GLX]] Fichier:Linux graphics drivers DRI early.svg|Infrastructure de rendu direct et [[Linux framebuffer|framebuffer]] Fichier:Linux graphics drivers DRI current.
Comparison of platform virtualization softwarePlatform virtualization software, specifically emulators and hypervisors, are software packages that emulate the whole physical computer machine, often providing multiple virtual machines on one physical platform. The table below compares basic information about platform virtualization hypervisors. Providing any virtual environment usually requires some overhead of some type or another. Native usually means that the virtualization technique does not do any CPU level virtualization (like Bochs), which executes code more slowly than when it is directly executed by a CPU.
Explicit parallelismIn computer programming, explicit parallelism is the representation of concurrent computations by means of primitives in the form of special-purpose directives or function calls. Most parallel primitives are related to process synchronization, communication or task partitioning. As they seldom contribute to actually carry out the intended computation of the program, their computational cost is often considered as parallelization overhead. The advantage of explicit parallel programming is the absolute programmer control over the parallel execution.
Direct2DDirect2D is a 2D vector graphics application programming interface (API) designed by Microsoft and implemented in Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2, and also Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008 (with Platform Update installed). Direct2D takes advantage of hardware acceleration via the graphics processing unit (GPU) found in compatible graphics cards within personal computer, tablet, smartphone and modern graphical device.
Direct Rendering ManagerDirect Rendering Manager (gestionnaire de rendu direct en anglais), abrégé en DRM est un sous-système du noyau linux, servant à la gestion cohérente au sein du système informatique, du mode d'affichage (modesetting), des tampons mémoires utilisés par le système graphique, de la gestion de objets partagés en mémoire, de la gestion de la queue de commandes au processeur graphique, la gestion de l'intervalle de rafraîchissement vertical, ainsi que la synchronisation inter-processus de toutes ces fonctions.
Engineering technicianAn engineering technician is a professional trained in skills and techniques related to a specific branch of technology, with a practical understanding of the relevant engineering concepts. Engineering technicians often assist in projects relating to research and development, or focus on post-development activities like implementation or operation. The Dublin Accord was signed in 2002 as an international agreement recognizing engineering technician qualifications.