Sanger sequencingSanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication. After first being developed by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977, it became the most widely used sequencing method for approximately 40 years. It was first commercialized by Applied Biosystems in 1986. More recently, higher volume Sanger sequencing has been replaced by next generation sequencing methods, especially for large-scale, automated genome analyses.
Conflits environnementauxUn conflit environnemental est un conflit causé par la dégradation de l'environnement dans le cadre d'une mauvaise gestion des ressources environnementales. Généralement, plusieurs parties sont impliquées, y compris les défenseurs de l'environnement qui veulent protéger l'environnement, et ceux qui réclament ou gèrent mal l'environnement pour autre chose, généralement l'industrie extractive.
Justice environnementaleLe concept de justice environnementale applique les théories de la justice au champ de l'environnement et de l'écologie. Il découle de la prise en compte de l'environnement et des services écosystémiques qu'il permet comme du « bien commun. » La justice environnementale peut aussi concerner les effets du dérèglement climatique ; dans ce contexte on parle parfois d'injustice et/ou de « justice climatique ».
Terrain cartographyTerrain cartography or relief mapping is the depiction of the shape of the surface of the Earth on a map, using one or more of several techniques that have been developed. Terrain or relief is an essential aspect of physical geography, and as such its portrayal presents a central problem in cartographic design, and more recently geographic information systems and geovisualization. The most ancient form of relief depiction in cartography, hill profiles are simply illustrations of mountains and hills in profile, placed as appropriate on generally small-scale (broad area of coverage) maps.
Third-generation sequencingThird-generation sequencing (also known as long-read sequencing) is a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development. Third generation sequencing technologies have the capability to produce substantially longer reads than second generation sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing. Such an advantage has critical implications for both genome science and the study of biology in general. However, third generation sequencing data have much higher error rates than previous technologies, which can complicate downstream genome assembly and analysis of the resulting data.
Human genomeThe human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA sequences and various types of DNA that does not encode proteins. The latter is a diverse category that includes DNA coding for non-translated RNA, such as that for ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, ribozymes, small nuclear RNAs, and several types of regulatory RNAs.
Scale (geography)In geography, scale is the level at which a geographical phenomenon occurs or is described. This concept is derived from the map scale in cartography. Geographers describe geographical phenomena and differences using different scales. From an epistemological perspective, scale is used to describe how detailed an observation is, while ontologically, scale is inherent in the complex interaction between society and nature. The concept of scale is central to geography.
Arbia's law of geographyArbia’s law of geography states, "Everything is related to everything else, but things observed at a coarse spatial resolution are more related than things observed at a finer resolution." Originally proposed as the 2nd law of geography, this is one of several laws competing for that title. Because of this, Arbia's law is sometimes referred to as the second law of geography, or Arbia's second law of geography.
Racisme environnementalvignette| Des personnes protestent contre la crise de l'eau à Flint, dans le Michigan, qui affecte de manière disproportionnée les personnes de couleur et les communautés à faible revenu. Le racisme environnemental est un concept du mouvement pour la justice environnementale, qui s'est développé aux États-Unis et à l'étranger dans les années 1970 et 1980. Le terme est utilisé pour décrire l'injustice environnementale qui se produit dans un contexte racialisé, tant dans la pratique que dans la politique.
GéomorphométrieLa géomorphométrie mesure les formes du relief. Il s'agit d'une branche de la géographie physique qui crée des outils de mesure exploitables en Géomorphologie et Topographie. Un certain nombre de critères géomorphométriques ont été développés, par exemple ceux définis en chaque point d'une surface topographique. Parmi les plus courants sont les suivants : l'altitude, la pente, la courbure des lignes de niveau, l'exposition d'un point (N-E-S-O).
