Lac subglaciairethumb|Image satellitaire d'une région de l'Antarctique prise par MODIS ; les deux formes ovales gris sombre correspondent à des dépressions de la surface de la glace délimitant les côtes de deux lacs subglaciaires situés à plusieurs milliers de mètres de profondeur, le lac Sovetskaïa et le lac de 90° est. Un lac subglaciaire ou lac sous-glaciaire est un lac situé sous un glacier, typiquement une calotte glaciaire ou un inlandsis. On connaît de nombreux lacs subglaciaires mais le lac Vostok en Antarctique est de loin le plus grand de ceux-ci.
Glacial motionGlacial motion is the motion of glaciers, which can be likened to rivers of ice. It has played an important role in sculpting many landscapes. Most lakes in the world occupy basins scoured out by glaciers. Glacial motion can be fast (up to , observed on Jakobshavn Isbræ in Greenland) or slow ( on small glaciers or in the center of ice sheets), but is typically around . Glacier motion occurs from four processes, all driven by gravity: basal sliding, glacial quakes generating fractional movements of large sections of ice, bed deformation, and internal deformation.
Bacterial taxonomyBacterial taxonomy is subfield of taxonomy devoted to the classification of bacteria specimens into taxonomic ranks. In the scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus, each species is assigned to a genus resulting in a two-part name. This name denotes the two lowest levels in a hierarchy of ranks, increasingly larger groupings of species based on common traits. Of these ranks, domains are the most general level of categorization. Presently, scientists classify all life into just three domains, Eukaryotes, Bacteria and Archaea.
Goulet d'étranglement de populationvignette|redresse=1.3|Le Castor fiber a failli disparaitre ; au début du , il n'en restait que quelques centaines dans toute l'Europe. Il a subi un goulot d'étranglement génétique qui l'a rendu vulnérable à la consanguinité. Les nombreuses réintroductions faites en Europe depuis un siècle ont permis à différentes souches de se croiser. Il recolonise désormais les cours d'eau bassin par bassin. Un goulet d'étranglement de population (ou goulot d'étranglement selon les locuteurs) est, dans l'étude de l'évolution d'une espèce, un épisode de réduction sévère de la population, suivi d'une nouvelle expansion démographique.
Climate change and fisheriesFisheries are affected by climate change in many ways: marine aquatic ecosystems are being affected by rising ocean temperatures, ocean acidification and ocean deoxygenation, while freshwater ecosystems are being impacted by changes in water temperature, water flow, and fish habitat loss. These effects vary in the context of each fishery. Climate change is modifying fish distributions and the productivity of marine and freshwater species. Climate change is expected to lead to significant changes in the availability and trade of fish products.
Biodiversity action planA biodiversity action plan (BAP) is an internationally recognized program addressing threatened species and habitats and is designed to protect and restore biological systems. The original impetus for these plans derives from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). As of 2009, 191 countries have ratified the CBD, but only a fraction of these have developed substantive BAP documents.
Total inorganic carbonTotal inorganic carbon (CT or TIC) is the sum of the inorganic carbon species. Carbon compounds can be distinguished as either organic or inorganic, and dissolved or particulate, depending on their composition. Organic carbon forms the backbone of key components of organic compounds such as proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Inorganic carbon is found primarily in simple compounds such as carbon dioxide (), carbonic acid (), bicarbonate (), and carbonate ().
Environmental degradationEnvironmental degradation is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as quality of air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution. It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. Environmental concerns can be defined as the negative effects of any human activity on the environment. The biological as well as the physical features of the environment are included.
Convention sur la diversité biologiquevignette|Logo de la conférence mondiale sur la biodiversité de Nagoya vignette|Logo de la conférence sur la biodiversité vignette|Logo de la conférence sur la biodiversité La Convention sur la diversité biologique (CDB, ou convention de Rio) est un traité international adopté lors du sommet de la Terre à Rio de Janeiro en 1992, avec trois buts principaux : La conservation de la biodiversité ; L’utilisation durable de ses éléments ; Le partage juste et équitable des avantages découlant de l'exploitation des r
Particulate inorganic carbonParticulate inorganic carbon (PIC) can be contrasted with dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), the other form of inorganic carbon found in the ocean. These distinctions are important in chemical oceanography. Particulate inorganic carbon is sometimes called suspended inorganic carbon. In operational terms, it is defined as the inorganic carbon in particulate form that is too large to pass through the filter used to separate dissolved inorganic carbon. Most PIC is calcium carbonate, CaCO3, particularly in the form of calcite, but also in the form of aragonite.
