ParameterA parameter (), generally, is any characteristic that can help in defining or classifying a particular system (meaning an event, project, object, situation, etc.). That is, a parameter is an element of a system that is useful, or critical, when identifying the system, or when evaluating its performance, status, condition, etc. Parameter has more specific meanings within various disciplines, including mathematics, computer programming, engineering, statistics, logic, linguistics, and electronic musical composition.
Isolement basthumb|Fondation antisimique découplée par isolement bas : appui sur galets caoutchouc en tête de fondation, Municipal Office Building, Glendale. Génie parasismique L’isolement bas est une technique de construction parasismique efficace et peu coûteuse. Son but est de découpler les superstructures des bâtiments de leur partie basse afin de résister aux séismes sans avoir besoin d'une structure extrêmement résistante et dispendieuse.
Treillis (assemblage)Un treillis, ou système triangulé, est un assemblage de barres verticales, horizontales et diagonales formant des triangles, de sorte que chaque barre subisse un effort acceptable, et que la déformation de l'ensemble soit modérée. Cette structure est devenue courante en construction à partir de la révolution industrielle, pour des ponts, fuselages d'avion En effet, un tel assemblage allie résistance, rigidité et légèreté, et permet d'utiliser des éléments normalisés (barres) ; par ailleurs, le treillis peut éventuellement être préassemblé.
Construction managementConstruction management (CM) is a professional service that uses specialized, project management techniques and software to oversee the planning, design, construction and closeout of a project. The purpose of construction management is to control the quality of a project's scope, time / delivery and cost—sometimes referred to as a project management triangle or "triple constraints." CM is compatible with all project delivery systems, including design-bid-build, design-build, CM At-Risk and Public Private Partnerships.
Earthquake-resistant structuresEarthquake-resistant or aseismic structures are designed to protect buildings to some or greater extent from earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely impervious to earthquake damage, the goal of earthquake engineering is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location.
Construction engineeringConstruction engineering, also known as construction operations, is a professional subdiscipline of civil engineering that deals with the designing, planning, construction, and operations management of infrastructure such as roadways, tunnels, bridges, airports, railroads, facilities, buildings, dams, utilities and other projects. Construction engineers learn some of the design aspects similar to civil engineers as well as project management aspects.
UncertaintyUncertainty refers to epistemic situations involving imperfect or unknown information. It applies to predictions of future events, to physical measurements that are already made, or to the unknown. Uncertainty arises in partially observable or stochastic environments, as well as due to ignorance, indolence, or both. It arises in any number of fields, including insurance, philosophy, physics, statistics, economics, finance, medicine, psychology, sociology, engineering, metrology, meteorology, ecology and information science.
Porte-à-fauxUne installation ou système est dit en porte-à-faux lorsqu'un élément est soutenu par une partie qui est elle-même au-dessus du vide, c'est-à-dire sans support immédiat en dessous de l'élément en « porte-à-faux ». En ingénierie structurelle, en architecture, dans l'aéronautique et plusieurs autres domaines techniques, on utilise également le synonyme cantilever emprunté à l'anglais.
Méthode de Monte-Carlo par chaînes de MarkovLes méthodes de Monte-Carlo par chaînes de Markov, ou méthodes MCMC pour Markov chain Monte Carlo en anglais, sont une classe de méthodes d'échantillonnage à partir de distributions de probabilité. Ces méthodes de Monte-Carlo se basent sur le parcours de chaînes de Markov qui ont pour lois stationnaires les distributions à échantillonner. Certaines méthodes utilisent des marches aléatoires sur les chaînes de Markov (algorithme de Metropolis-Hastings, échantillonnage de Gibbs), alors que d'autres algorithmes, plus complexes, introduisent des contraintes sur les parcours pour essayer d'accélérer la convergence (Monte Carlo Hybride, Surrelaxation successive).
Structural steelStructural steel is a category of steel used for making construction materials in a variety of shapes. Many structural steel shapes take the form of an elongated beam having a of a specific cross section. Structural steel shapes, sizes, chemical composition, mechanical properties such as strengths, storage practices, etc., are regulated by standards in most industrialized countries. Most structural steel shapes, such as -beams, have high second moments of area, which means they are very stiff in respect to their cross-sectional area and thus can support a high load without excessive sagging.
