Memory cell (computing)The memory cell is the fundamental building block of computer memory. The memory cell is an electronic circuit that stores one bit of binary information and it must be set to store a logic 1 (high voltage level) and reset to store a logic 0 (low voltage level). Its value is maintained/stored until it is changed by the set/reset process. The value in the memory cell can be accessed by reading it. Over the history of computing, different memory cell architectures have been used, including core memory and bubble memory.
Circuit logique programmableUn circuit logique programmable ou PLD (Programmable Logical Device), est un circuit intégré logique qui peut être programmé après sa fabrication. Il se compose de nombreuses cellules logiques élémentaires contenant des bascules logiques librement connectables. L'utilisateur doit donc programmer le circuit avant de l'utiliser. Les différentes logiques de programmation (unique, reprogrammable) et d'architecture ont conduit à la création de sous-familles dont les plus connues sont les FPGA et les CPLD.
Mémoire adressable par contenuUne mémoire adressable par le contenu (CAM, en anglais Content-Addressable Memory) est un type de mémoire informatique spécial, utilisé dans certaines applications pour la recherche à très haute vitesse. Elle est aussi connue sous le nom de mémoire associative (associative memory, associative storage, ou associative array). Contrairement aux mémoires informatiques standards (random access memory ou RAM) pour lesquelles l'application utilisatrice fournit une adresse mémoire et la RAM renvoie la donnée stockée à cette adresse, une CAM est conçue de manière que l'application utilisatrice fournisse un mot de donnée et la CAM recherche dans toute la mémoire pour voir si ce mot y est stocké.
Complex programmable logic deviceA complex programmable logic device (CPLD) is a programmable logic device with complexity between that of PALs and FPGAs, and architectural features of both. The main building block of the CPLD is a macrocell, which contains logic implementing disjunctive normal form expressions and more specialized logic operations. Some of the CPLD features are in common with PALs: Non-volatile configuration memory. Unlike many FPGAs, an external configuration ROM isn't required, and the CPLD can function immediately on system start-up.
Mémoire non volatileUne mémoire non volatile est une mémoire informatique qui conserve ses données en l'absence d'alimentation électrique. On distingue plusieurs types de mémoires non volatiles : les mémoires à base de papier, par exemple les rubans perforés et les cartes perforées ; les mémoires à base de semi-conducteurs, par exemple les mémoires mortes (ROM) et les mémoires RAM non volatiles (NVRAM) ; les mémoires utilisant un support magnétique, par exemple les disquettes (floppy disks) et les disques durs (hard disks) ; les mémoires utilisant une surface réfléchissante lue par un laser, par exemple les CD et les DVD.
Mémoire à changement de phaseLa mémoire à changement de phase, ou PCM pour Phase Change Memory, ou encore PRAM pour Phase-Change RAM, est un type de mémoire non volatile s'appuyant sur la transition de phase de certains matériaux pour le stockage des informations, à l'instar des disques optiques réinscriptibles. Elle est présentée comme mémoire universelle car elle combine la vitesse et l’endurance de la mémoire vive (RAM) et la non-volatilité et le faible coût de la mémoire flash. Les premières PRAM ont été mises en vente en 2012 par Samsung.
Programmable Array LogicProgrammable Array Logic (PAL) is a family of programmable logic device semiconductors used to implement logic functions in digital circuits introduced by Monolithic Memories, Inc. (MMI) in March 1978. MMI obtained a registered trademark on the term PAL for use in "Programmable Semiconductor Logic Circuits". The trademark is currently held by Lattice Semiconductor. PAL devices consisted of a small PROM (programmable read-only memory) core and additional output logic used to implement particular desired logic functions with few components.
Computer memoryComputer memory stores information, such as data and programs for immediate use in the computer. The term memory is often synonymous with the term primary storage or main memory. An archaic synonym for memory is store. Computer memory operates at a high speed compared to storage which is slower but less expensive and higher in capacity. Besides storing opened programs, computer memory serves as disk cache and write buffer to improve both reading and writing performance.
Field-programmable gate arrayA field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured after manufacturing. The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, but this is increasingly rare due to the advent of electronic design automation tools. FPGAs contain an array of programmable logic blocks, and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects allowing blocks to be wired together.
ComputingComputing is any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computing machinery. It includes the study and experimentation of algorithmic processes, and development of both hardware and software. Computing has scientific, engineering, mathematical, technological and social aspects. Major computing disciplines include computer engineering, computer science, cybersecurity, data science, information systems, information technology, digital art and software engineering.
