Cellule germinalevignette|alt=Cellules souches humaines|Une colonie de la lignée de cellules souches embryonnaires humaine HD90 dérivée au CHRU de Montpellier. L'ensemble des cellules germinales, ou germen (qui sont issues des cellules souches), d'un animal ou d'un végétal sont les cellules susceptibles de former les gamètes (spermatozoïdes et ovocytes chez les animaux) provenant des spermatogonies et ovogonies. Celles-ci donnent par mitose des ovocytes et des spermatocytes, et par méiose les spermatozoïdes et les ovules, ou des oosphères et des grains de pollen (chez les végétaux).
Cancer du testiculeL'expression « cancer du testicule » regroupe plusieurs types de tumeurs germinales du testicule. C'est un cancer rare (1 % environ de tous les cancers) mais est en augmentation depuis plusieurs décennies. Il est aussi le cancer le plus fréquent chez l'homme de 15 à 35 ans. Les deux testicules sont rarement touchés simultanément (1 à 2 % des cas), et après guérison d'un cancer du testicule, le risque de développer un cancer sur l'autre testicule est de 2 à 5 % dans les 25 ans.
Lactotropic cellA lactotropic cell (also known as prolactin cell, epsilon acidophil, lactotrope, lactotroph, mammatroph, mammotroph) is a cell in the anterior pituitary which produces prolactin in response to hormonal signals including dopamine which is inhibitory and thyrotropin-releasing hormone and estrogen (especially during pregnancy), which are stimulatory. The inhibitory effects of dopamine override the stimulatory effects of TRH in non-pregnant, non-lactating sexually mature females. Other regulators include oxytocin and progesterone.
Cancer de l'ovaireLe est une forme de cancer affectant un ovaire. Il se développe généralement à partir du revêtement de surface des ovaires. La forme la plus fréquente est le carcinome épithélial de l'ovaire. Les formes rares, comme les tumeurs germinales de l'ovaire ou les tumeurs borderline , justifient d'une prise en charge spécifique. Le cancer de l'ovaire est en général de mauvais pronostic car découvert souvent tardivement. L'ovaire est situé dans le petit bassin et une lésion tumorale peut se développer lentement sans signes cliniques.
Extracellular fluidIn cell biology, extracellular fluid (ECF) denotes all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism. Total body water in healthy adults is about 60% (range 45 to 75%) of total body weight; women and the obese typically have a lower percentage than lean men. Extracellular fluid makes up about one-third of body fluid, the remaining two-thirds is intracellular fluid within cells. The main component of the extracellular fluid is the interstitial fluid that surrounds cells.
Fluid compartmentsThe human body and even its individual body fluids may be conceptually divided into various fluid compartments, which, although not literally anatomic compartments, do represent a real division in terms of how portions of the body's water, solutes, and suspended elements are segregated. The two main fluid compartments are the intracellular and extracellular compartments. The intracellular compartment is the space within the organism's cells; it is separated from the extracellular compartment by cell membranes.
Bilevignette|right|upright=0.7|Le cycle entéro-hépatique de la bile ou cycle biliaire de Schiff La bile est un liquide biologique jaune-verdâtre, légèrement basique (pH compris entre 7,6 et 8,6) qui favorise la digestion, plus spécifiquement celle des lipides. Elle est sécrétée de manière continue par le foie à raison de par jour. Près de la moitié de cette production est stockée et concentrée dans la vésicule biliaire principalement la nuit et l'autre moitié est directement déversée dans le duodénum.
InterstitiumThe interstitium is a contiguous fluid-filled space existing between a structural barrier, such as a cell membrane or the skin, and internal structures, such as organs, including muscles and the circulatory system. The fluid in this space is called interstitial fluid, comprises water and solutes, and drains into the lymph system. The interstitial compartment is composed of connective and supporting tissues within the body – called the extracellular matrix – that are situated outside the blood and lymphatic vessels and the parenchyma of organs.
Sex cord–gonadal stromal tumourSex cord–gonadal stromal tumour is a group of tumors derived from the stromal component of the ovary and testis, which comprises the granulosa, thecal cells and fibrocytes. In contrast, the epithelial cells originate from the outer epithelial lining surrounding the gonad while the germ cell tumors arise from the precursor cells of the gametes, hence the name germ cell. In humans, this group accounts for 8% of ovarian cancers and under 5% of testicular cancers. Their diagnosis is histological: only a biopsy of the tumour can make an exact diagnosis.
Male infertilityMale infertility refers to a sexually mature male's inability to impregnate a fertile female. In humans it accounts for 40–50% of infertility. It affects approximately 7% of all men. Male infertility is commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity. More recently, advance sperm analyses that examine intracellular sperm components are being developed.
