Sediment transportSediment transport is the movement of solid particles (sediment), typically due to a combination of gravity acting on the sediment, and the movement of the fluid in which the sediment is entrained. Sediment transport occurs in natural systems where the particles are clastic rocks (sand, gravel, boulders, etc.), mud, or clay; the fluid is air, water, or ice; and the force of gravity acts to move the particles along the sloping surface on which they are resting.
Sédimentvignette|Le processus de sédimentation est d'abord une loi physique, liée à la pesanteur. Des phénomènes biologiques peuvent l'accélérer ou le réduire, intervenant notamment dans les cycles écologiques et biogéochimiques. vignette|La sédimentation dépend du contexte géomorphologique, climatique, écologique et de la vitesse de l'eau. vignette|Une faune spécifique aux sédiments contribue à leur nature, à leur mobilité et à la biodisponibilité des éléments qu'ils contiennent ; particules, nutriments, ou polluants.
Sédimentation marinevignette|Répartition des sédiments marins dans l'Océan mondial. Jaune : sédiments carbonatés biogènes ; brun : argiles rouges des grands fonds ; orange : sédiments terrigènes ; blanc : sédiments des marges continentales ; vert : sédiments siliceux biogènes ; bleu : sédiments glaciaires. La sédimentation marine comprend tous les processus conduisant à la formation de sédiments marins (sédimentation littorale ou côtière, océanique, bathyale, abyssale, etc.).
Coastal sediment supplyCoastal sediment supply is the transport of sediment to the beach environment by both fluvial and aeolian transport. While aeolian transport plays a role in the overall sedimentary budget for the coastal environment, it is paled in comparison to the fluvial supply which makes up 95% of sediment entering the ocean. When sediment reaches the coast it is then entrained by longshore drift and littoral cells until it is accreted upon the beach or dunes. While it is acknowledged that storm systems are the driver behind coastal erosion.
Sedimentary budgetSedimentary budgets are a coastal management tool used to analyze and describe the different sediment inputs (sources) and outputs (sinks) on the coasts, which is used to predict morphological change in any particular coastline over time. Within a coastal environment the rate of change of sediment is dependent on the amount of sediment brought into the system versus the amount of sediment that leaves the system. These inputs and outputs of sediment then equate to the total balance of the system and more than often reflect the amounts of erosion or accretion affecting the morphology of the coast.
Sable de reconstitutionLe sable de reconstitution décrit un processus dans lequel du sable est pulvérisé pour remplacer des sédiments (généralement du sable) perdus du fait de l'érosion. Une plage plus large peut réduire les dommages créés par des tempêtes, par dissipation de l'énergie dans la zone de la houle, et protéger les bâtiments et les terres adjacentes. Des îles artificielles peuvent également être construites quand l'environnement le permet, par exemple dans le golfe Persique.
Fluvial processesIn geography and geology, fluvial processes are associated with rivers and streams and the deposits and landforms created by them. When the stream or rivers are associated with glaciers, ice sheets, or ice caps, the term glaciofluvial or fluvioglacial is used. Fluvial processes include the motion of sediment and erosion or deposition on the river bed. The movement of water across the stream bed exerts a shear stress directly onto the bed.
SiltationSiltation is water pollution caused by particulate terrestrial clastic material, with a particle size dominated by silt or clay. It refers both to the increased concentration of suspended sediments and to the increased accumulation (temporary or permanent) of fine sediments on bottoms where they are undesirable. Siltation is most often caused by soil erosion or sediment spill. It is sometimes referred to by the ambiguous term "sediment pollution", which can also refer to a chemical contamination of sediments accumulated on the bottom, or to pollutants bound to sediment particles.
Classement granulométriquevignette|250x250px| Sédiment constitué de grains bien triés (well sorted, à gauche) comparés à des grains mal triés (poorly sorted , à droite). Le classement granulométrique ou tri décrit la distribution de la grosseur des grains, ou granulométrie des sédiments, soit dans les dépôts non consolidés, soit dans les roches sédimentaires. Cela ne doit pas être confondu avec la taille des cristallites, qui se réfère à la taille individuelle d'un cristal dans un solide. La cristallite est la pierre angulaire d'un grain.
Stream restorationStream restoration or river restoration, also sometimes referred to as river reclamation, is work conducted to improve the environmental health of a river or stream, in support of biodiversity, recreation, flood management and/or landscape development. Stream restoration approaches can be divided into two broad categories: form-based restoration, which relies on physical interventions in a stream to improve its conditions; and process-based restoration, which advocates the restoration of hydrological and geomorphological processes (such as sediment transport or connectivity between the channel and the floodplain) to ensure a stream's resilience and ecological health.
