Jet fuelJet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF, also abbreviated avtur) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance.
Indirect land use change impacts of biofuelsThe indirect land use change impacts of biofuels, also known as ILUC or iLUC (pronounced as i-luck), relates to the unintended consequence of releasing more carbon emissions due to land-use changes around the world induced by the expansion of croplands for ethanol or biodiesel production in response to the increased global demand for biofuels. As farmers worldwide respond to higher crop prices in order to maintain the global food supply-and-demand balance, pristine lands are cleared to replace the food crops that were diverted elsewhere to biofuels' production.
BiobutanolLe butanol peut être utilisé comme carburant dans un moteur à combustion interne. Il ressemble plus à essence qu'à éthanol. Un hydrocarbure en C4, le butanol est un carburant de remplacement et fonctionne donc dans les véhicules conçus pour être utilisés avec de l'essence sans modification . Il peut être produit à partir de biomasse (comme "biobutanol") ainsi que de combustible fossile s (comme "pétrobutanol" ). Le biobutanol et le pétrobutanol ont les mêmes propriétés chimiques. Le butanol issu de la biomasse est appelé biobutanol.
Impact climatique du transport aérienL'impact climatique du transport aérien est la contribution au réchauffement climatique de l'aviation utilisée pour le transport de personnes et de marchandises. Il résulte principalement de la combustion de kérosène dans les réacteurs d'avion, qui émet du dioxyde de carbone (), un gaz à effet de serre qui s'accumule dans l'atmosphère et dont les émissions représentent 2,5 % des émissions anthropiques de .
Nourriture contre carburant« Nourriture contre carburant » est un dilemme portant sur l'utilisation des terres agricoles ou de leur production à des fins de fabrication de biocarburants au détriment de la production alimentaire. Ce dilemme est depuis longtemps la source de controverses très larges sur le prix des biocarburants et de la nourriture ; il n'existerait aucune solution potentielle qui fasse consensus. Les débats portent sur la pertinence du dilemme, sur sa source et sur les solutions qui pourraient remédier à cette situation complexe.
Renewable fuelsRenewable Fuels are fuels produced from renewable resources. Examples include: biofuels (e.g. Vegetable oil used as fuel, ethanol, methanol from clean energy and carbon dioxide or biomass, and biodiesel), Hydrogen fuel (when produced with renewable processes), and fully synthetic fuel (also known as electrofuel) produced from ambient carbon dioxide and water. This is in contrast to non-renewable fuels such as natural gas, LPG (propane), petroleum and other fossil fuels and nuclear energy.
Biofuel in SwedenBiofuels are renewable fuels that are produced by living organisms (biomass). Biofuels can be solid, gaseous or liquid, which comes in two forms: ethanol and biodiesel and often replace fossil fuels. Many countries now use biofuels as energy sources, including Sweden. Sweden has one of the highest usages of biofuel in all of Europe, at 32%, primarily due to the widespread commitment to E85, bioheating and bioelectricity.
Combustiblethumb|Le combustible consommé dans une cheminée traditionnelle est généralement du bois. Un combustible est un composé chimique qui, avec un comburant (comme le dioxygène) et de l'énergie, se consume dans une réaction chimique générant de la chaleur : la combustion. Cette réaction d'oxydation exothermique rapide fait intervenir un réactif réducteur (combustible), et un réactif oxydant (comburant). Un carburant est un combustible qui alimente un moteur à combustion interne.
Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuelsThe bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels can be accomplished using the MixAlco process. Through bioconversion of biomass to a mixed alcohol fuel, more energy from the biomass will end up as liquid fuels than in converting biomass to ethanol by yeast fermentation. The process involves a biological/chemical method for converting any biodegradable material (e.g., urban wastes, such as municipal solid waste, biodegradable waste, and sewage sludge, agricultural residues such as corn stover, sugarcane bagasse, cotton gin trash, manure) into useful chemicals, such as carboxylic acids (e.
Alternative fuel vehicleAn alternative fuel vehicle is a motor vehicle that runs on alternative fuel rather than traditional petroleum fuels (petrol or petrodiesel). The term also refers to any technology (e.g. electric cars, hybrid electric vehicles, solar-powered vehicles) powering an engine that does not solely involve petroleum. Because of a combination of factors, such as environmental concerns, high oil-prices and the potential for peak oil, development of cleaner alternative fuels and advanced power systems for vehicles has become a high priority for many governments and vehicle manufacturers around the world.
