Research data archivingResearch data archiving is the long-term storage of scholarly research data, including the natural sciences, social sciences, and life sciences. The various academic journals have differing policies regarding how much of their data and methods researchers are required to store in a public archive, and what is actually archived varies widely between different disciplines. Similarly, the major grant-giving institutions have varying attitudes towards public archival of data.
Clé USBUne clé USB est un support de stockage amovible, inventé dans les années 2000 et prévu pour pouvoir se brancher sur un port USB d'un ordinateur mais qui est, depuis plusieurs années, largement utilisé sur d'autres appareils (chaînes Hi-Fi, lecteurs de DVD de salon, autoradios, radiocassettes, téléviseurs). Une clé USB contient une mémoire flash et ne possède pas ou très peu d'éléments mécaniques, ce qui la rend très résistante aux chocs.
ObservabilityObservability is a measure of how well internal states of a system can be inferred from knowledge of its external outputs. In control theory, the observability and controllability of a linear system are mathematical duals. The concept of observability was introduced by the Hungarian-American engineer Rudolf E. Kálmán for linear dynamic systems. A dynamical system designed to estimate the state of a system from measurements of the outputs is called a state observer or simply an observer for that system.
