Central processing unitA central processing unit (CPU)—also called a central processor or main processor—is the most important processor in a given computer. Its electronic circuitry executes instructions of a computer program, such as arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations. This role contrasts with that of external components, such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized coprocessors such as graphics processing units (GPUs). The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over time, but their fundamental operation remains almost unchanged.
Field-programmable gate arrayA field-programmable gate array (FPGA) is an integrated circuit designed to be configured after manufacturing. The FPGA configuration is generally specified using a hardware description language (HDL), similar to that used for an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). Circuit diagrams were previously used to specify the configuration, but this is increasingly rare due to the advent of electronic design automation tools. FPGAs contain an array of programmable logic blocks, and a hierarchy of reconfigurable interconnects allowing blocks to be wired together.
Horloge temps réelUne horloge temps réel ou HTR (en anglais, real-time clock ou RTC) est une horloge permettant un décompte très précis du temps (par exemple en nanosecondes) pour un système électronique, en vue de dater ou déclencher des évènements selon l'heure. On retrouve le plus souvent l'horloge temps réel sous la forme d'un circuit intégré incluant un quartz piézoélectrique. Bien que le terme fasse souvent référence aux dispositifs des ordinateurs personnels, des serveurs informatiques et des systèmes embarqués, les horloges temps réel sont présentes dans presque tous les appareils électroniques qui ont besoin de connaître l'heure précise.
Local oscillatorIn electronics, a local oscillator (LO) is an electronic oscillator used with a mixer to change the frequency of a signal. This frequency conversion process, also called heterodyning, produces the sum and difference frequencies from the frequency of the local oscillator and frequency of the input signal. Processing a signal at a fixed frequency gives a radio receiver improved performance. In many receivers, the function of local oscillator and mixer is combined in one stage called a "converter" - this reduces the space, cost, and power consumption by combining both functions into one active device.
