Explicit memoryExplicit memory (or declarative memory) is one of the two main types of long-term human memory, the other of which is implicit memory. Explicit memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts. This type of memory is dependent upon three processes: acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval. Explicit memory can be divided into two categories: episodic memory, which stores specific personal experiences, and semantic memory, which stores factual information.
Alpha motor neuronAlpha (α) motor neurons (also called alpha motoneurons), are large, multipolar lower motor neurons of the brainstem and spinal cord. They innervate extrafusal muscle fibers of skeletal muscle and are directly responsible for initiating their contraction. Alpha motor neurons are distinct from gamma motor neurons, which innervate intrafusal muscle fibers of muscle spindles. While their cell bodies are found in the central nervous system (CNS), α motor neurons are also considered part of the somatic nervous system—a branch of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)—because their axons extend into the periphery to innervate skeletal muscles.
Brain stimulation rewardBrain stimulation reward (BSR) is a pleasurable phenomenon elicited via direct stimulation of specific brain regions, originally discovered by James Olds and Peter Milner. BSR can serve as a robust operant reinforcer. Targeted stimulation activates the reward system circuitry and establishes response habits similar to those established by natural rewards, such as food and sex. Experiments on BSR soon demonstrated that stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, along with other regions of the brain associated with natural reward, was both rewarding as well as motivation-inducing.
Encoding (memory)Memory has the ability to encode, store and recall information. Memories give an organism the capability to learn and adapt from previous experiences as well as build relationships. Encoding allows a perceived item of use or interest to be converted into a construct that can be stored within the brain and recalled later from long-term memory. Working memory stores information for immediate use or manipulation, which is aided through hooking onto previously archived items already present in the long-term memory of an individual.
Mémoire procéduraleLa mémoire procédurale est une forme de mémoire non déclarative. La mémoire procédurale est une mémoire à long terme implicite qui permet la motricité automatique. Elle fonctionne grâce à différentes zones du cerveau, comme le cervelet ou le striatum. Ces zones sont toutes reliées entre elles par des synapses fonctionnant avec des neurotransmetteurs. Cette association permet l’apprentissage progressif de procédures. Celles-ci sont d’abord traitées par la mémoire déclarative et de travail puis sont intégrées dans la mémoire procédurale grâce à la répétition.
Aire tegmentale ventraleL'aire tegmentaire ventrale (ATV) quelquefois également appelée aire tegmentale ventrale, est constituée d'un groupe de neurones localisés dans le mésencéphale. Une majorité de ces neurones produisent le neurotransmetteur dopamine, alors que d'autres produisent du GABA ou du glutamate. Certains des neurones dopaminergiques libèrent aussi du glutamate ou du GABA, un phénomène appelé "cotransmission". Les neurones dopaminergiques de l'ATV projettent sur de nombreuses régions du cerveau en deux grandes voies : le système mésocortical et mésolimbique.
Neural correlates of consciousnessThe neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) refer to the relationships between mental states and neural states and constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena; that is, neural changes which necessarily and regularly correlate with a specific experience.
Memory and agingAge-related memory loss, sometimes described as "normal aging" (also spelled "ageing" in British English), is qualitatively different from memory loss associated with types of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease, and is believed to have a different brain mechanism. Mild cognitive impairment Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a condition in which people face memory problems more often than that of the average person their age. These symptoms, however, do not prevent them from carrying out normal activities and are not as severe as the symptoms for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Cue reactivityCue reactivity is a type of learned response which is observed in individuals with an addiction and involves significant physiological and subjective reactions to presentations of drug-related stimuli (i.e., drug cues). In investigations of these reactions in people with substance use disorders, changes in self-reported drug craving, physiological responses, and drug use are monitored as they are exposed to drug-related cues (e.g., cigarettes, bottles of alcohol, drug paraphernalia) or drug-neutral cues (e.
Psychotropethumb|Tabac blond séché et haché, la substance psychotrope la plus consommée dans le monde. vignette|droite|Un assortiment de différents psychotropes vignette|L'alcool est un des psychotropes les plus largement disponibles et consommés. Un psychotrope est un produit ou une substance chimique qui agit principalement sur l'état du système nerveux central en y modifiant certains processus biochimiques et physiologiques cérébraux, sans préjuger de sa capacité à induire des phénomènes de dépendance, ni de son éventuelle toxicité.
