Numerical linear algebraNumerical linear algebra, sometimes called applied linear algebra, is the study of how matrix operations can be used to create computer algorithms which efficiently and accurately provide approximate answers to questions in continuous mathematics. It is a subfield of numerical analysis, and a type of linear algebra. Computers use floating-point arithmetic and cannot exactly represent irrational data, so when a computer algorithm is applied to a matrix of data, it can sometimes increase the difference between a number stored in the computer and the true number that it is an approximation of.
Requirements engineeringRequirements engineering (RE) is the process of defining, documenting, and maintaining requirements in the engineering design process. It is a common role in systems engineering and software engineering. The first use of the term requirements engineering was probably in 1964 in the conference paper "Maintenance, Maintainability, and System Requirements Engineering", but it did not come into general use until the late 1990s with the publication of an IEEE Computer Society tutorial in March 1997 and the establishment of a conference series on requirements engineering that has evolved into the International Requirements Engineering Conference.
Business requirementsBusiness requirements, also known as stakeholder requirements specifications (StRS), describe the characteristics of a proposed system from the viewpoint of the system's end user like a CONOPS. Products, systems, software, and processes are ways of how to deliver, satisfy, or meet business requirements. Consequently, business requirements are often discussed in the context of developing or procuring software or other systems. Three main reasons for such discussions: A common practice is to refer to objectives, or expected benefits, as 'business requirements.
Software requirementsSoftware requirements for a system are the description of what the system should do, the service or services that it provides and the constraints on its operation. The IEEE Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology defines a requirement as: A condition or capability needed by a user to solve a problem or achieve an objective. A condition or capability that must be met or possessed by a system or system component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed document.
Gestion des exigencesLa gestion des exigences consiste à gérer les exigences hiérarchisées d'un projet, à détecter les incohérences entre elles et à assurer leur traçabilité. Dans de nombreux métiers, l'expression de ces exigences donne lieu à une quantité de documents dont la cohérence et la qualité conditionnent le succès ou l'échec des projets concernés. Il existe des logiciels spécialisés qui permettent d'aider à la réalisation de cette activité.
Vitesse de convergence des suitesEn analyse numérique — une branche des mathématiques — on peut classer les suites convergentes en fonction de leur vitesse de convergence vers leur point limite. C'est une manière d'apprécier l'efficacité des algorithmes qui les génèrent. Les suites considérées ici sont convergentes sans être stationnaires (tous leurs termes sont même supposés différents du point limite). Si une suite est stationnaire, tous ses éléments sont égaux à partir d'un certain rang et il est alors normal de s'intéresser au nombre d'éléments différents du point limite.
TénacitéLa ténacité est la capacité d'un matériau à résister à la propagation d'une fissure. On peut aussi définir la ténacité comme étant la quantité d'énergie qu'un matériau peut absorber avant de rompre, mais il s'agit d'une définition anglophone. En anglais, on fait la différence entre « toughness », l'énergie de déformation à rupture par unité de volume (, ce qui correspond aussi à des pascals) et « », la ténacité au sens de résistance à la propagation de fissure.
Numerical methods for partial differential equationsNumerical methods for partial differential equations is the branch of numerical analysis that studies the numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDEs). In principle, specialized methods for hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic partial differential equations exist. Finite difference method In this method, functions are represented by their values at certain grid points and derivatives are approximated through differences in these values.
Requirements traceabilityRequirements traceability is a sub-discipline of requirements management within software development and systems engineering. Traceability as a general term is defined by the IEEE Systems and Software Engineering Vocabulary as (1) the degree to which a relationship can be established between two or more products of the development process, especially products having a predecessor-successor or primary-subordinate relationship to one another; (2) the identification and documentation of derivation paths (upward) and allocation or flowdown paths (downward) of work products in the work product hierarchy; (3) the degree to which each element in a software development product establishes its reason for existing; and (4) discernible association among two or more logical entities, such as requirements, system elements, verifications, or tasks.
Fracture de Pouteau-Collesvignette|Radio aux rayons X d'une fracture de Pouteau-Colles. Une fracture de Pouteau-Colles est une rupture osseuse, avec déplacement dorsal, du radius (situé dans l'avant-bras). Elle se caractérise par un déplacement du poignet et donc de la main. Elle désigne la fracture de l'extrémité distale (loin de l'épaule) du radius avec déplacement dorsal et radial, ainsi qu'une bascule postérieure. La rupture de l'os se situe à proximité de l'articulation radio-carpienne (en général entre 2 et ).
