Phage T4Le phage T4 (pour bactériophage T4) est un virus de la famille des Myoviridae et de l’ordre des Caudovirales qui s’attaque à la bactérie Escherichia coli (E. coli). Sa structure comporte trois grandes parties : la capside contenant l’ADN double brin, la queue permettant l’injection de cet ADN dans la bactérie infectée et les fibres caudales permettant l’attachement du phage sur la membrane de la bactérie.
Resource recoveryResource recovery is using wastes as an input material to create valuable products as new outputs. The aim is to reduce the amount of waste generated, thereby reducing the need for landfill space, and optimising the values created from waste. Resource recovery delays the need to use raw materials in the manufacturing process. Materials found in municipal solid waste, construction and demolition waste, commercial waste and industrial wastes can be used to recover resources for the manufacturing of new materials and products.
Night soilNight soil is a historically used euphemism for human excreta collected from cesspools, privies, pail closets, pit latrines, privy middens, septic tanks, etc. This material was removed from the immediate area, usually at night, by workers employed in this trade. Sometimes it could be transported out of towns and sold on as a fertilizer. Another definition is "untreated excreta transported without water (e.g. via containers or buckets)". Night soil was produced as a result of a sanitation system in areas without sewer systems or septic tanks.
Chicken manureChicken manure is the feces of chickens used as an organic fertilizer, especially for soil low in nitrogen. Of all animal manures, it has the highest amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Chicken manure is sometimes pelletized for use as a fertilizer, and this product may have additional phosphorus, potassium or nitrogen added. Optimal storage conditions for chicken manure include keeping it in a covered area and retaining its liquid, because a significant amount of nitrogen exists in the urine.
Improved sanitationImproved sanitation (related to but distinct from a "safely managed sanitation service") is a term used to categorize types of sanitation for monitoring purposes. It refers to the management of human feces at the household level. The term was coined by the Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) for Water Supply and Sanitation of UNICEF and WHO in 2002 to help monitor the progress towards Goal Number 7 of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The opposite of "improved sanitation" has been termed "unimproved sanitation" in the JMP definitions.
Gestion des boues de vidangevignette|Démonstration d'une nouvelle pompe pour vidanger les boues d'une latrine à fosse, près de Durban, en Afrique du Sud La gestion des boues de vidange (GBV), aussi appelée gestion des boues fécales, désigne la façon de gérer le contenu des fosses septiques et fosses de latrines, dont la vidange, le transport et le traitement. Elle s'occupe du mélange d'excréments humains et d'eau qui est stocké dans les systèmes décentralisés, par opposition aux eaux usées transportées dans les égouts et aux boues d'épuration qui en proviennent.
CompostCompost is a mixture of ingredients used as plant fertilizer and to improve soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties. It is commonly prepared by decomposing plant and food waste, recycling organic materials, and manure. The resulting mixture is rich in plant nutrients and beneficial organisms, such as bacteria, protozoa, nematodes, and fungi. Compost improves soil fertility in gardens, landscaping, horticulture, urban agriculture, and organic farming, reducing dependency on commercial chemical fertilizers.
Engrais vertvignette|Engrais vert (mélange à base de trèfle incarnat) dans une vigne. Rhénanie-Palatinat, 2020 Un engrais vert est une culture en couverture du sol en agriculture de conservation destinée, soit à être enfouie à l'état vert sur place par un labour (ou sans labour en technique culturale simplifiée, afin d'éviter la battance et de préserver le complexe argilo-humique), soit laissée sur place comme paillis protecteur de la culture suivante, pour améliorer la structure du sol et sa fertilité.
Micro-organismeUn micro-organisme ou microorganisme (du grec μικρός, mikrós, « petit » et de ὀργανισμός, organismós, « organisme ») ou microbe (du grec μικρός, mikrós, « petit » et βίος, bíos, « vie ») est un organisme vivant qui, individuellement invisible à l'œil nu, ne peut être observé qu'à l'aide d'un microscope. Ce sont tous des organismes unicellulaires. Les trois domaines du vivant sont représentés parmi les microorganismes : bactéries, archées et eucaryotes unicellulaires (protistes et champignons).
Marine virusesMarine viruses are defined by their habitat as viruses that are found in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. Viruses are small infectious agents that can only replicate inside the living cells of a host organism, because they need the replication machinery of the host to do so. They can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
