Equilibrium fractionationEquilibrium isotope fractionation is the partial separation of isotopes between two or more substances in chemical equilibrium. Equilibrium fractionation is strongest at low temperatures, and (along with kinetic isotope effects) forms the basis of the most widely used isotopic paleothermometers (or climate proxies): D/H and 18O/16O records from ice cores, and 18O/16O records from calcium carbonate. It is thus important for the construction of geologic temperature records.
Analyse numériqueL’analyse numérique est une discipline à l'interface des mathématiques et de l'informatique. Elle s’intéresse tant aux fondements qu’à la mise en pratique des méthodes permettant de résoudre, par des calculs purement numériques, des problèmes d’analyse mathématique. Plus formellement, l’analyse numérique est l’étude des algorithmes permettant de résoudre numériquement par discrétisation les problèmes de mathématiques continues (distinguées des mathématiques discrètes).
Partition function (number theory)In number theory, the partition function p(n) represents the number of possible partitions of a non-negative integer n. For instance, p(4) = 5 because the integer 4 has the five partitions 1 + 1 + 1 + 1, 1 + 1 + 2, 1 + 3, 2 + 2, and 4. No closed-form expression for the partition function is known, but it has both asymptotic expansions that accurately approximate it and recurrence relations by which it can be calculated exactly. It grows as an exponential function of the square root of its argument.
Schwinger's quantum action principleThe Schwinger's quantum action principle is a variational approach to quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. This theory was introduced by Julian Schwinger in a series of articles starting 1950. In Schwingers approach, the action principle is targeted towards quantum mechanics. The action becomes a quantum action, i.e. an operator, . Although it is superficially different from the path integral formulation where the action is a classical function, the modern formulation of the two formalisms are identical.
Rank of a partitionIn mathematics, particularly in the fields of number theory and combinatorics, the rank of a partition of a positive integer is a certain integer associated with the partition. In fact at least two different definitions of rank appear in the literature. The first definition, with which most of this article is concerned, is that the rank of a partition is the number obtained by subtracting the number of parts in the partition from the largest part in the partition.
