Polyhedral combinatoricsPolyhedral combinatorics is a branch of mathematics, within combinatorics and discrete geometry, that studies the problems of counting and describing the faces of convex polyhedra and higher-dimensional convex polytopes. Research in polyhedral combinatorics falls into two distinct areas. Mathematicians in this area study the combinatorics of polytopes; for instance, they seek inequalities that describe the relations between the numbers of vertices, edges, and faces of higher dimensions in arbitrary polytopes or in certain important subclasses of polytopes, and study other combinatorial properties of polytopes such as their connectivity and diameter (number of steps needed to reach any vertex from any other vertex).
Translation planeIn mathematics, a translation plane is a projective plane which admits a certain group of symmetries (described below). Along with the Hughes planes and the Figueroa planes, translation planes are among the most well-studied of the known non-Desarguesian planes, and the vast majority of known non-Desarguesian planes are either translation planes, or can be obtained from a translation plane via successive iterations of dualization and/or derivation. In a projective plane, let P represent a point, and l represent a line.
Arête (géométrie)En géométrie dans l'espace, une arête est une droite délimitant deux demi-plans qui constituent les faces d’un angle diédral, ou plus spécialement le côté d’une face d’un polyèdre. Plus généralement, une arête d'un solide géométrique est la ligne d'intersection de deux surfaces de ce solide. À ce titre, l'arête n'est pas nécessairement une droite euclidienne. Un angle formé par deux demi-droites perpendiculaires à l’arête, issues d'un point de l’arête et incluses dans chacune des faces d’un dièdre, ne dépend pas du choix du point.
IcosaèdreEn géométrie, un icosaèdre est un solide de dimension 3, de la famille des polyèdres, contenant exactement vingt faces. Le préfixe icosa-, d'origine grecque, signifie « vingt ». Il existe de nombreux polyèdres à vingt faces tels l'icosaèdre régulier convexe (appelé plus simplement icosaèdre si le contexte fait référence aux solides de Platon), l'icosaèdre rhombique, le pseudo-icosaèdre, le grand icosaèdre ou plusieurs solides de Johnson.
Hyperoctahedral groupIn mathematics, a hyperoctahedral group is an important type of group that can be realized as the group of symmetries of a hypercube or of a cross-polytope. It was named by Alfred Young in 1930. Groups of this type are identified by a parameter n, the dimension of the hypercube. As a Coxeter group it is of type B_n = C_n, and as a Weyl group it is associated to the symplectic groups and with the orthogonal groups in odd dimensions. As a wreath product it is where S_n is the symmetric group of degree n.
Möbius planeIn mathematics, the classical Möbius plane (named after August Ferdinand Möbius) is the Euclidean plane supplemented by a single point at infinity. It is also called the inversive plane because it is closed under inversion with respect to any generalized circle, and thus a natural setting for planar inversive geometry. An inversion of the Möbius plane with respect to any circle is an involution which fixes the points on the circle and exchanges the points in the interior and exterior, the center of the circle exchanged with the point at infinity.
