Arête (géométrie) | EPFL Graph Search

En géométrie dans l'espace, une arête est une droite délimitant deux demi-plans qui constituent les faces d’un angle diédral, ou plus spécialement le côté d’une face d’un polyèdre. Plus généralement, une arête d'un solide géométrique est la ligne d'intersection de deux surfaces de ce solide. À ce titre, l'arête n'est pas nécessairement une droite euclidienne. Dièdre Un angle formé par deux demi-droites perpendiculaires à l’arête, issues d'un point de l’arête et incluses dans chacune des faces d’un dièdre, ne dépend pas du choix du point. Polyèdre Dans le cas d'un polyèdre convexe, le nombre d’arêtes est relié au nombre de faces et au nombre de sommets par le théorème de Descartes-Euler. Par exemple, le cube comporte , et , ce qui satisfait la relation : En génie mécanique vignette|Représentation schématisée des défauts de surface : les ondulations correspondent à des rayures de fraisage. L'arête cumule les défauts des deux surfaces. Form

Intersection Patterns of Edges in Topological Graphs

Radoslav Fulek

This thesis is devoted to crossing patterns of edges in topological graphs. We consider the following four problems: A thrackle is a graph drawn in the plane such that every pair of edges meet exactly once: either at a common endpoint or in a proper crossing. Conway's Thrackle Conjecture says that a thrackle cannot have more edges than vertices. By a computational approach we improve the previously known upper bound of 1.5n on the maximal number of edges in a thrackle with n vertices to 1.428n. Moreover, our method yields an algorithm with a finite running time that for any ε > 0 either verifies the upper bound of (1 + ε)n on the maximum number of edges in a thrackle or disproves the conjecture. It is not hard to see that any simple graph admits a poly-line drawing in the plane such that each edge is represented by a polygonal curve with at most three bends, and each edge crossings realizes a prescribed angle α. We show that if we restrict the number of bends per edge to two and allow edges to cross in k different angles, a graph on n vertices admitting such a drawing can have at most O(nk2) edges. This generalizes a previous result of Arikushi et al., in which the authors treated a special case of our problem, where k = 1 and the prescribed angle has 90 degrees. The classical result known as Hanani-Tutte Theorem states that a graph is planar if and only if it admits a drawing in the plane in which each pair of non-adjacent edges crosses an even number of times. We prove the following monotone variant of this result, conjectured by J.Pach and G.Tóth. If G has an x-monotone drawing in which every pair of independent edges crosses evenly, then G has an x-monotone embedding (i.e. a drawing without crossings) with the same vertex locations. We show several interesting algorithmic consequences of this result. In a drawing of a graph, two edges form an odd pair if they cross each other an odd number of times. A pair of edges is independent (or non-adjacent) if they share no endpoint. For a graph G we let ocr(G) be the smallest number of odd pairs in a drawing of G and let iocr(G) be the smallest number of independent odd pairs in a drawing of G. We construct a graph G with iocr(G) < ocr(G), answering a question by Székely, and –for the first time– giving evidence that crossings of adjacent edges may not always be trivial to eliminate.

EPFL2012

Thrackles: An improved upper bound

Radoslav Fulek, János Pach

A thrackle is a graph drawn in the plane so that every pair of its edges meet exactly once: either at a common end vertex or in a proper crossing. We prove that any thrackle of n vertices has at most 1.3984n edges. Quasi-thrackles are defined similarly, except that every pair of edges that do not share a vertex are allowed to cross an odd number of times. It is also shown that the maximum number of edges of a quasi-thrackle on n vertices is 3/2(n-1), and that this bound is best possible for infinitely many values of n. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.

ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV2019

Intersection Patterns of Edges in Topological Graphs

Radoslav Fulek

EPFL2012