Topic modelvignette|Visualisation du résumé d'un article scientifique traité par topic model. L'intensité de la couleur varie selon la probabilité d'appartenir au topic en question. En apprentissage automatique et en traitement automatique du langage naturel, un topic model (modèle thématique ou « modèle de sujet ») est un modèle probabiliste permettant de déterminer des sujets ou thèmes abstraits dans un document. Analyse sémantique latente (LSA) Allocation de Dirichlet latente (LDA) Analyse sémantique latente probab
Optimisation combinatoireL’optimisation combinatoire, (sous-ensemble à nombre de solutions finies de l'optimisation discrète), est une branche de l'optimisation en mathématiques appliquées et en informatique, également liée à la recherche opérationnelle, l'algorithmique et la théorie de la complexité. Dans sa forme la plus générale, un problème d'optimisation combinatoire (sous-ensemble à nombre de solutions finies de l'optimisation discrète) consiste à trouver dans un ensemble discret un parmi les meilleurs sous-ensembles (ou solutions) réalisables, la notion de meilleure solution étant définie par une fonction objectif.
Implicit data structureIn computer science, an implicit data structure or space-efficient data structure is a data structure that stores very little information other than the main or required data: a data structure that requires low overhead. They are called "implicit" because the position of the elements carries meaning and relationship between elements; this is contrasted with the use of pointers to give an explicit relationship between elements. Definitions of "low overhead" vary, but generally means constant overhead; in big O notation, O(1) overhead.
Non-negative matrix factorizationNon-negative matrix factorization (NMF or NNMF), also non-negative matrix approximation is a group of algorithms in multivariate analysis and linear algebra where a matrix V is factorized into (usually) two matrices W and H, with the property that all three matrices have no negative elements. This non-negativity makes the resulting matrices easier to inspect. Also, in applications such as processing of audio spectrograms or muscular activity, non-negativity is inherent to the data being considered.
Handle (computing)In computer programming, a handle is an abstract reference to a resource that is used when application software references blocks of memory or objects that are managed by another system like a database or an operating system. A resource handle can be an opaque identifier, in which case it is often an integer number (often an array index in an array or "table" that is used to manage that type of resource), or it can be a pointer that allows access to further information.
Programming toolA programming tool or software development tool is a computer program that software developers use to create, debug, maintain, or otherwise support other programs and applications. The term usually refers to relatively simple programs, that can be combined to accomplish a task, much as one might use multiple hands to fix a physical object. The most basic tools are a source code editor and a compiler or interpreter, which are used ubiquitously and continuously.
