BioéthanolLe bioéthanol ou agroéthanol est un biocarburant utilisable dans certains moteurs à essence. Le terme bioéthanol est un amalgame entre le préfixe bio du grec bios, vie, vivant et du terme éthanol. Le préfixe bio indique que l'éthanol est produit à partir de matière organique (biomasse) et n'a pas de lien avec le terme généralement utilisé pour désigner l'agriculture biologique. Le préfixe « bio » est donc contesté dans certains pays francophones.
Ethanol fuel in BrazilBrazil is the world's second largest producer of ethanol fuel. Brazil and the United States have led the industrial production of ethanol fuel for several years, together accounting for 85 percent of the world's production in 2017. Brazil produced 26.72 billion liters (7.06 billion U.S. liquid gallons), representing 26.1 percent of the world's total ethanol used as fuel in 2017. Between 2006 and 2008, Brazil was considered to have the world's first "sustainable" biofuels economy and the biofuel industry leader, a policy model for other countries; and its sugarcane ethanol "the most successful alternative fuel to date.
Processus (informatique)Un processus (en anglais, process), en informatique, est un programme en cours d'exécution par un ordinateur. De façon plus précise, il peut être défini comme : un ensemble d'instructions à exécuter, pouvant être dans la mémoire morte, mais le plus souvent chargé depuis la mémoire de masse vers la mémoire vive ; un espace d'adressage en mémoire vive pour stocker la pile, les données de travail ; des ressources permettant des entrées-sorties de données, comme des ports réseau.
History of ethanol fuel in BrazilThe history of ethanol fuel in Brazil dates from the 1970s and relates to Brazil's sugarcane-based ethanol fuel program, which allowed the country to become the world's second largest producer of ethanol, and the world's largest exporter. Several important political and technological developments led Brazil to become the world leader in the sustainable use of bioethanol, and a policy model for other developing countries in the tropical zone of Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa.
Ethanol fuel by countryThe world's top ethanol fuel producers in 2011 were the United States with 13.9 billion U.S. liquid gallons (bg) (52.6 billion liters) and Brazil with 5.6 bg (21.1 billion liters), accounting together for 87.1% of world production of 22.36 billion US gallons (84.6 billion liters). Strong incentives, coupled with other industry development initiatives, are giving rise to fledgling ethanol industries in countries such as Germany, Spain, France, Sweden, India, China, Thailand, Canada, Colombia, Australia, and some Central American countries.
BiocarburantUn biocarburant est un carburant (combustible liquide ou gazeux) produit à partir de matériaux organiques non fossiles, provenant de la biomasse (c'est le sens du préfixe « bio » dans biocarburant) et qui vient en complément ou en substitution du combustible fossile. Ceux qui sont produits par la filière agricole sont désignés sous le vocable d'agrocarburant.
Second-generation biofuelsSecond-generation biofuels, also known as advanced biofuels, are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of non-food biomass. Biomass in this context means plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel. First-generation biofuels are made from sugar-starch feedstocks (e.g., sugarcane and corn) and edible oil feedstocks (e.g., rapeseed and soybean oil), which are generally converted into bioethanol and biodiesel, respectively.
Communauté scientifiqueLa communauté scientifique désigne, dans un sens assez large, l'ensemble des chercheurs et autres personnalités dont les travaux ont pour objet les sciences et la recherche scientifique, selon des méthodes scientifiques. Parfois cette expression se réduit à un domaine scientifique particulier : la communauté des astrophysiciens pour l'astrophysique, par exemple. La sociologie des sciences s'intéresse à cette communauté, à la façon dont elle fonctionne et s'inscrit dans la société.
Biofuel in SwedenBiofuels are renewable fuels that are produced by living organisms (biomass). Biofuels can be solid, gaseous or liquid, which comes in two forms: ethanol and biodiesel and often replace fossil fuels. Many countries now use biofuels as energy sources, including Sweden. Sweden has one of the highest usages of biofuel in all of Europe, at 32%, primarily due to the widespread commitment to E85, bioheating and bioelectricity.
Biofuel in AustraliaBiofuel is fuel that is produced from organic matter (biomass), including plant materials and animal waste. It is considered a renewable source of energy that can assist in reducing carbon emissions. The two main types of biofuel currently being produced in Australia are biodiesel and bioethanol, used as replacements for diesel and petrol (gasoline) respectively. As of 2017 Australia is a relatively small producer of biofuels, accounting for 0.2% of world bioethanol production and 0.1% of world biodiesel production.
