Épithélium intestinalvignette|Structure schématique d'une villosité intestinale. Les entérocytes proviennent des cellules souches indifférenciées localisées dans les cryptes (4 à 6 par cryptes). L'épithélium intestinal est la couche de cellules qui recouvre les villosités de l'intérieur de l'intestin et qui fait la liaison entre l'intérieur de l'intestin et l'intérieur de l'organisme. Cet épithélium est de type prismatique unistratifié (ou simple) à plateau strié.
Adhésine bactérienneAdhesins are cell-surface components or appendages of bacteria that facilitate adhesion or adherence to other cells or to surfaces, usually in the host they are infecting or living in. Adhesins are a type of virulence factor. Adherence is an essential step in bacterial pathogenesis or infection, required for colonizing a new host. Adhesion and bacterial adhesins are also a potential target for prophylaxis or treatment of bacterial infections. Bacteria are typically found attached to and living in close association with surfaces.
Skin infectionA skin infection is an infection of the skin in humans and other animals, that can also affect the associated soft tissues such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes. They comprise a category of infections termed skin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), or skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), and acute bacterial SSSIs (ABSSSIs). They are distinguished from dermatitis (inflammation of the skin), although skin infections can result in skin inflammation.
Pathogenic bacteriaPathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause disease. This article focuses on the bacteria that are pathogenic to humans. Most species of bacteria are harmless and are often beneficial but others can cause infectious diseases. The number of these pathogenic species in humans is estimated to be fewer than a hundred. By contrast, several thousand species are part of the gut flora present in the digestive tract.
Agent infectieuxUn est un agent biologique pathogène responsable d'une maladie infectieuse. Les agents infectieux sont majoritairement des micro-organismes, notamment des bactéries et des virus. Cependant, certains agents pathogènes ne sont pas des organismes (les prions), d'autres ne sont pas microscopiques (les vers parasites). Le pouvoir pathogène d'un agent infectieux mesure sa capacité à provoquer une maladie chez un organisme hôte. La virulence d'un agent infectieux mesure sa capacité à se développer dans un organisme (pouvoir invasif) et à y sécréter des toxines (pouvoir toxique).
InfectionAn infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable disease, is an illness resulting from an infection. Infections can be caused by a wide range of pathogens, most prominently bacteria and viruses. Hosts can fight infections using their immune systems. Mammalian hosts react to infections with an innate response, often involving inflammation, followed by an adaptive response.
Neonatal infectionNeonatal infections are infections of the neonate (newborn) acquired during prenatal development or within the first four weeks of life. Neonatal infections may be contracted by mother to child transmission, in the birth canal during childbirth, or after birth. Neonatal infections may present soon after delivery, or take several weeks to show symptoms. Some neonatal infections such as HIV, hepatitis B, and malaria do not become apparent until much later.
Bacterial pneumoniaBacterial pneumonia is a type of pneumonia caused by bacterial infection. Streptococcus pneumoniae () is the most common bacterial cause of pneumonia in all age groups except newborn infants. Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterium that often lives in the throat of people who do not have pneumonia. Other important Gram-positive causes of pneumonia are Staphylococcus aureus () and Bacillus anthracis.
Skin and skin structure infectionSkin and skin structure infections (SSSIs), also referred to as skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs), or acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections (ABSSSIs), are infections of skin and associated soft tissues (such as loose connective tissue and mucous membranes). Historically, the pathogen involved has most frequently been a bacterial species—always, since redescription of SSSIs as ABSSSIs—and as such, these infections require treatment by antibiotics.
Interaction hôte-pathogèneL' interaction hôte-pathogène est définie comme la manière dont les microbes ou les virus se maintiennent dans les organismes hôtes au niveau moléculaire, cellulaire, de l'organisme ou de la population. Ce terme est le plus souvent utilisé pour désigner des micro-organismes causant des maladies, bien qu'ils ne provoquent pas nécessairement de maladies chez tous les hôtes. Pour cette raison, la définition a été étendue à la manière dont les agents pathogènes connus survivent chez leur hôte, qu’ils causent une maladie ou non.