Bois énergieLe bois énergie ou sylviculture énergétique est une bioénergie issue de la biomasse. Surtout utilisé comme combustible primaire, il est de plus en plus transformé industriellement en sous-produit combustible (liquide, gazeux, ou solide). C'est une énergie considérée comme renouvelable par le ministère de l'Environnement, de l'Énergie et de la Mer français, mais sa contribution à la pollution de l'air est . En particulier, la combustion du bois engendre beaucoup plus de particules en suspension que d'autres combustibles tels que le gaz naturel, le fioul ou même le charbon.
Biofuel in AustraliaBiofuel is fuel that is produced from organic matter (biomass), including plant materials and animal waste. It is considered a renewable source of energy that can assist in reducing carbon emissions. The two main types of biofuel currently being produced in Australia are biodiesel and bioethanol, used as replacements for diesel and petrol (gasoline) respectively. As of 2017 Australia is a relatively small producer of biofuels, accounting for 0.2% of world bioethanol production and 0.1% of world biodiesel production.
Energy poverty and cookingOne aspect of energy poverty is lack of access to clean, modern fuels and technologies for cooking. As of 2020, more than 2.6 billion people in developing countries routinely cook with fuels such as wood, animal dung, coal, or kerosene. Burning these types of fuels in open fires or traditional stoves causes harmful household air pollution, resulting in an estimated 3.8 million deaths annually according to the World Health Organization (WHO), and contributes to various health, socio-economic, and environmental problems.
Energy developmentEnergy development is the field of activities focused on obtaining sources of energy from natural resources. These activities include the production of renewable, nuclear, and fossil fuel derived sources of energy, and for the recovery and reuse of energy that would otherwise be wasted. Energy conservation and efficiency measures reduce the demand for energy development, and can have benefits to society with improvements to environmental issues.
Environmental movementThe environmental movement (sometimes referred to as the ecology movement), is a social movement that aims to protect the natural world from harmful environmental practices in order to create sustainable living. Environmentalists advocate the just and sustainable management of resources and stewardship of the environment through changes in public policy and individual behavior. In its recognition of humanity as a participant in (not an enemy of) ecosystems, the movement is centered on ecology, health, and human rights.
Second-generation biofuelsSecond-generation biofuels, also known as advanced biofuels, are fuels that can be manufactured from various types of non-food biomass. Biomass in this context means plant materials and animal waste used especially as a source of fuel. First-generation biofuels are made from sugar-starch feedstocks (e.g., sugarcane and corn) and edible oil feedstocks (e.g., rapeseed and soybean oil), which are generally converted into bioethanol and biodiesel, respectively.
Théorème des résidusEn analyse complexe, le théorème des résidus est un outil puissant pour évaluer des intégrales curvilignes de fonctions holomorphes sur des courbes fermées qui repose sur les résidus de la fonction à intégrer. Il est utilisé pour calculer des intégrales de fonctions réelles ainsi que la somme de certaines séries. Il généralise le théorème intégral de Cauchy et la formule intégrale de Cauchy. Soient U un sous-ensemble ouvert et simplement connexe du plan complexe C, {z, ...
Cellulose fiberCellulose fibers (ˈsɛljʊloʊs,_-loʊz) are fibers made with ethers or esters of cellulose, which can be obtained from the bark, wood or leaves of plants, or from other plant-based material. In addition to cellulose, the fibers may also contain hemicellulose and lignin, with different percentages of these components altering the mechanical properties of the fibers. The main applications of cellulose fibers are in the textile industry, as chemical filters, and as fiber-reinforcement composites, due to their similar properties to engineered fibers, being another option for biocomposites and polymer composites.
ÉcologismeLécologisme, ou environnementalisme, est à la fois un courant de pensée (idéologie ou philosophie) et un corpus de valeurs et de propositions, dont l'orientation de l'activité politique ou parapolitique vise au respect, à la protection, à la préservation ou à la restauration de l'environnement. Ce mouvement éco-centrique a comme projet la conservation de la nature et le « respect » des équilibres naturels.
PolysaccharideLes polysaccharides (parfois appelés glycanes, polyosides, polyholosides ou glucides complexes) sont des polymères de la famille des glucides constitués de plusieurs oses liés entre eux par des liaisons osidiques. Les polyosides les plus répandus et connus dans le règne végétal sont la cellulose et l’amidon, tous deux polymères du glucose.
