Yield (engineering)In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible and is known as plastic deformation.
Plane stressIn continuum mechanics, a material is said to be under plane stress if the stress vector is zero across a particular plane. When that situation occurs over an entire element of a structure, as is often the case for thin plates, the stress analysis is considerably simplified, as the stress state can be represented by a tensor of dimension 2 (representable as a 2×2 matrix rather than 3×3). A related notion, plane strain, is often applicable to very thick members.
Joint European TorusJET est un acronyme de l'anglais Joint European Torus (littéralement Tore commun européen) désignant le plus grand tokamak existant, situé au Culham Science Center, à Abingdon, près d'Oxford au Royaume-Uni, jusqu'à la construction d'ITER. Sa construction a débuté en 1979 et il a produit son premier plasma en 1983. Il résulte d'une collaboration entre les différents laboratoires nationaux européens, dans le cadre de l'Euratom. Il réalise la fusion nucléaire entre le deutérium et le tritium qui semblent les matériaux les plus appropriés pour les futurs réacteurs nucléaires.
Stress–strain analysisStress–strain analysis (or stress analysis) is an engineering discipline that uses many methods to determine the stresses and strains in materials and structures subjected to forces. In continuum mechanics, stress is a physical quantity that expresses the internal forces that neighboring particles of a continuous material exert on each other, while strain is the measure of the deformation of the material. In simple terms we can define stress as the force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation.
Deformation (engineering)In engineering, deformation refers to the change in size or shape of an object. Displacements are the absolute change in position of a point on the object. Deflection is the relative change in external displacements on an object. Strain is the relative internal change in shape of an infinitesimally small cube of material and can be expressed as a non-dimensional change in length or angle of distortion of the cube. Strains are related to the forces acting on the cube, which are known as stress, by a stress-strain curve.
Réacteur nucléaire à eau supercritiquethumb|Schéma d'un réacteur nucléaire à eau supercritique. Le réacteur nucléaire à eau supercritique (RESC) (en anglais, SuperCritical Water Reactor : SCWR) est un concept de réacteur nucléaire avec un caloporteur à base d'eau mais dans un état supercritique. Il est évalué puis retenu dans le cadre du Forum International Génération IV. L'eau permettant le refroidissement du réacteur est dans un état supercritique (à la fois gazeux et liquide), c’est-à-dire à une température supérieure à 374 °C et sous une pression supérieure à 221 bar.
Neutral-beam injectionNeutral-beam injection (NBI) is one method used to heat plasma inside a fusion device consisting in a beam of high-energy neutral particles that can enter the magnetic confinement field. When these neutral particles are ionized by collision with the plasma particles, they are kept in the plasma by the confining magnetic field and can transfer most of their energy by further collisions with the plasma. By tangential injection in the torus, neutral beams also provide momentum to the plasma and current drive, one essential feature for long pulses of burning plasmas.
Réacteur nucléaire à sels fondusLe réacteur nucléaire à sels fondus (RSF ; molten salt reactor, MSR) est un concept de réacteur nucléaire dans lequel le combustible nucléaire se présente sous forme liquide, dissous dans du sel fondu (à ) qui joue à la fois le rôle de caloporteur et de barrière de confinement. Le réacteur peut être modéré par du graphite (produisant des neutrons thermiques) ou sans modérateur (neutrons rapides). Le concept a été étudié en laboratoire pendant les années 1960, puis délaissé dans les années 1970 faute de financement et malgré des résultats probants.
Structural engineerStructural engineers analyze, design, plan, and research structural components and structural systems to achieve design goals and ensure the safety and comfort of users or occupants. Their work takes account mainly of safety, technical, economic, and environmental concerns, but they may also consider aesthetic and social factors. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty discipline within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right.
Plasma-facing materialIn nuclear fusion power research, the plasma-facing material (or materials) (PFM) is any material used to construct the plasma-facing components (PFC), those components exposed to the plasma within which nuclear fusion occurs, and particularly the material used for the lining the first wall or divertor region of the reactor vessel. Plasma-facing materials for fusion reactor designs must support the overall steps for energy generation, these include: Generating heat through fusion, Capturing heat in the first wall, Transferring heat at a faster rate than capturing heat.
