Whole genome sequencingWhole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014.
Chemical thermodynamicsChemical thermodynamics is the study of the interrelation of heat and work with chemical reactions or with physical changes of state within the confines of the laws of thermodynamics. Chemical thermodynamics involves not only laboratory measurements of various thermodynamic properties, but also the application of mathematical methods to the study of chemical questions and the spontaneity of processes. The structure of chemical thermodynamics is based on the first two laws of thermodynamics.
Édition génomiquealt=|vignette|295x295px|Schéma général du processus de modification localisée du génome. L'édition génomique ou modification localisée de séquence génomique (genome editing pour les anglophones) regroupe un ensemble de techniques de manipulation du génome visant à la modification du matériel (et donc de l'information) génétique. Ces techniques sont plus précises et ciblées que les techniques OGM historiques qui consistent à modifier ces organismes par transgenèse, procédé qui introduit un fragment d'ADN exogène à un emplacement aléatoire du génome.
Thermodynamic databases for pure substancesThermodynamic databases contain information about thermodynamic properties for substances, the most important being enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy. Numerical values of these thermodynamic properties are collected as tables or are calculated from thermodynamic datafiles. Data is expressed as temperature-dependent values for one mole of substance at the standard pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm), or 100 kPa (1 bar). Both of these definitions for the standard condition for pressure are in use.
Fundamental thermodynamic relationIn thermodynamics, the fundamental thermodynamic relation are four fundamental equations which demonstrate how four important thermodynamic quantities depend on variables that can be controlled and measured experimentally. Thus, they are essentially equations of state, and using the fundamental equations, experimental data can be used to determine sought-after quantities like G (Gibbs free energy) or H (enthalpy).
Analyse en série de l'expression des gènesL'analyse en série de l'expression des gènes (en anglais, Serial Analysis of Gene Expression ou SAGE) est une technique de biologie moléculaire permettant l'analyse de la population en ARNm d'un échantillon donné (organisme, cellules, tissus, etc.). La méthode originelle a été mise au point, et publiée en 1995, par le du centre d'oncologie de l'université Johns-Hopkins. La méthode SAGE est basée sur l'isolation de séquences spécifiques (étiquettes) de chaque ARN, la production des ADN complémentaires (ADNc) correspondant, la production d'une molécule d'ADN synthétique comportant tous ces ADNc, puis le séquençage de cette molécule.
Human genomeThe human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA sequences and various types of DNA that does not encode proteins. The latter is a diverse category that includes DNA coding for non-translated RNA, such as that for ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, ribozymes, small nuclear RNAs, and several types of regulatory RNAs.
Equilibrium thermodynamicsEquilibrium Thermodynamics is the systematic study of transformations of matter and energy in systems in terms of a concept called thermodynamic equilibrium. The word equilibrium implies a state of balance. Equilibrium thermodynamics, in origins, derives from analysis of the Carnot cycle. Here, typically a system, as cylinder of gas, initially in its own state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, is set out of balance via heat input from a combustion reaction.
Reference genomeA reference genome (also known as a reference assembly) is a digital nucleic acid sequence database, assembled by scientists as a representative example of the set of genes in one idealized individual organism of a species. As they are assembled from the sequencing of DNA from a number of individual donors, reference genomes do not accurately represent the set of genes of any single individual organism. Instead a reference provides a haploid mosaic of different DNA sequences from each donor.
Thermodynamique quantiqueLa thermodynamique quantique est l'extension de la thermodynamique aux phénomènes quantiques. Elle se distingue de la physique statistique quantique par l'accent mis sur les processus dynamiques hors d'équilibre ainsi que par son éventuelle application à un système quantique individuel. Annoncée par les travaux d'Einstein sur la quantification du rayonnement et de Planck sur le rayonnement du corps noir, la thermodynamique quantique n'a commencé à être constituée en théorie autonome qu'à la fin des années 2010 et reste incomplète en .
