Engineering plasticEngineering plastics are a group of plastic materials that have better mechanical and/or thermal properties than the more widely used commodity plastics (such as polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene and polyethylene). Being more expensive than standard plastics, engineering plastics are produced in lower quantities and tend to be used for smaller objects or low-volume applications (such as mechanical parts), rather than for bulk and high-volume ends (like containers and packaging).
RepRapthumb|Tout le plastique de la machine de droite a été imprimé par la machine de gauche. Adrian Bowyer (à gauche) et Vik Olliver (à droite) sont des membres du projet RepRap. RepRap (contraction de l'anglais Replication Rapid prototyper, pouvant se traduire par concepteur de réplication rapide) est un projet britannique de l'université de Bath visant à créer une imprimante 3D en grande partie autoréplicative et libre (c'est-à-dire sans brevets, et dont les plans sont disponibles pour tout le monde) sous licence GNU.
Yield (engineering)In materials science and engineering, the yield point is the point on a stress-strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Below the yield point, a material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible and is known as plastic deformation.
Law of demandIn microeconomics, the law of demand is a fundamental principle which states that there is an inverse relationship between price and quantity demanded. In other words, "conditional on all else being equal, as the price of a good increases (↑), quantity demanded will decrease (↓); conversely, as the price of a good decreases (↓), quantity demanded will increase (↑)". Alfred Marshall worded this as: "When we say that a person's demand for anything increases, we mean that he will buy more of it than he would before at the same price, and that he will buy as much of it as before at a higher price".
Polychlorure de vinyleLe poly(chlorure de vinyle), connu sous le sigle PVC (sigle venant de l'appellation anglaise en), est un polymère thermoplastique de grande consommation, amorphe ou faiblement cristallin, principal représentant de la famille chloropolymères. Il est préparé à partir de deux matières premières : à 57 % de sel de mer (NaCl) et à 43 % de pétrole ; c'est la seule matière plastique constituée par plus de 50 % de matière première d'origine minérale. Le PVC rigide est surtout utilisé pour la fabrication de profilés et tubes par extrusion.
Thermoplastiquevignette|Soufflage du verre à des températures juste supérieures à la transition vitreuse Une matière thermoplastique est une matière ayant la propriété de se ramollir (parfois on observe une fusion franche) lorsqu'elle est chauffée suffisamment, mais qui, se refroidissant, redevient dure. Une telle matière conserve donc toujours de manière réversible sa thermoplasticité initiale. L'état de ramollissement permet leur déformation mécanique, cette déformation étant figée par le refroidissement.
Dégradation d'un polymèrevignette|Délaminage d'une peinture automobile. La plupart des polymères organiques (et des matériaux correspondants) sont, de par leur structure caténaire, considérés comme des composés « vivants », car sensibles à leur environnement et sujets au vieillissement. La dégradation d'un polymère est le changement, généralement non désiré, de ses propriétés physiques et mécaniques, causé par des facteurs environnementaux plus ou moins agressifs : attaque d'un produit chimique tel un acide concentré, dioxygène (oxydation), chaleur, radiation (photolyse), eau (hydrolyse), contrainte Ensemble, ces facteurs agissent souvent en synergie.
Elasticity tensorThe elasticity tensor is a fourth-rank tensor describing the stress-strain relation in a linear elastic material. Other names are elastic modulus tensor and stiffness tensor. Common symbols include and . The defining equation can be written as where and are the components of the Cauchy stress tensor and infinitesimal strain tensor, and are the components of the elasticity tensor. Summation over repeated indices is implied. This relationship can be interpreted as a generalization of Hooke's law to a 3D continuum.
DemandIn economics, demand is the quantity of a good that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various prices during a given time. The relationship between price and quantity demand is also called the demand curve. Demand for a specific item is a function of an item's perceived necessity, price, perceived quality, convenience, available alternatives, purchasers' disposable income and tastes, and many other options. Innumerable factors and circumstances affect a consumer's willingness or to buy a good.
Specific strengthThe specific strength is a material's (or muscle's) strength (force per unit area at failure) divided by its density. It is also known as the strength-to-weight ratio or strength/weight ratio or strength-to-mass ratio. In fiber or textile applications, tenacity is the usual measure of specific strength. The SI unit for specific strength is Pa⋅m3/kg, or N⋅m/kg, which is dimensionally equivalent to m2/s2, though the latter form is rarely used.
