Seismic retrofitSeismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of seismic demand on structures and with our recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers, the need of seismic retrofitting is well acknowledged. Prior to the introduction of modern seismic codes in the late 1960s for developed countries (US, Japan etc.) and late 1970s for many other parts of the world (Turkey, China etc.
Fire safetyFire safety is the set of practices intended to reduce destruction caused by fire. Fire safety measures include those that are intended to prevent the ignition of an uncontrolled fire and those that are used to limit the spread and impact of a fire. Fire safety measures include those that are planned during the construction of a building or implemented in structures that are already standing and those that are taught or provided to occupants of the building. Threats to fire safety are commonly referred to as fire hazards.
Construction parasismiquethumb| La Tokyo Skytree, la deuxième plus grande tour au monde (derrière le Burj Khalifa) qui, du haut de ses , a parfaitement résisté au séisme de 2011 de magnitude 9, démontrant l'efficacité des constructions parasismiques japonaises. La construction parasismique ou construction antisismique est la réalisation de bâtiments et infrastructures résistant aux séismes. Elle implique l'étude du comportement des bâtiments et structures sujets à un chargement dynamique de type sismique.
Soft story buildingA soft story building is a multi-story building in which one or more floors have windows, wide doors, large unobstructed commercial spaces, or other openings in places where a shear wall would normally be required for stability as a matter of earthquake engineering design. A typical soft story building is an apartment building of three or more stories located over a ground level with large openings, such as a parking garage or series of retail businesses with large windows.
Aléa sismiquevignette|Ceinture de feu du Pacifique L'aléa sismique est la probabilité qu'un séisme destructeur de caractéristiques données (exprimées en général par des paramètres tels que l’accélération, la période de récurrence, l’intensité, le spectre de réponse...) se produise dans une région donnée pendant une période donnée. Il ne doit pas être confondu avec le risque sismique qui est la probabilité qu'un séisme engendre des destructions et fasse des victimes. Ce risque est une combinaison de .
Construction durableLécoconstruction ou construction durable est la création, la restauration, la rénovation ou la réhabilitation d'un bâtiment en lui permettant de respecter au mieux l'écologie à chaque étape de la construction, et plus tard, de son utilisation (chauffage, consommation d'énergie, rejet des divers flux : eau, déchets). Cette notion, apparue à la fin des années 1940 cherche aussi à intégrer le plus respectueusement possible le bâti dans le milieu naturel en utilisant au mieux des ressources peu transformées, locales, saines, et dans le milieu urbain, de travail ou rural en favorisant les liens sociaux.
Business requirementsBusiness requirements, also known as stakeholder requirements specifications (StRS), describe the characteristics of a proposed system from the viewpoint of the system's end user like a CONOPS. Products, systems, software, and processes are ways of how to deliver, satisfy, or meet business requirements. Consequently, business requirements are often discussed in the context of developing or procuring software or other systems. Three main reasons for such discussions: A common practice is to refer to objectives, or expected benefits, as 'business requirements.
Deep energy retrofitA Deep energy retrofit (abbreviated as DER) can be broadly categorized as an energy conservation measure in an existing building also leading to an overall improvement in the building performance. While there is no exact definition for a deep energy retrofit, it can be defined as a whole-building analysis and construction process, that aims at achieving on-site energy use minimization in a building by 50% or more compared to the baseline energy use (calculated using utility bills analysis) making use of existing technologies, materials and construction practices.
Earthquake-resistant structuresEarthquake-resistant or aseismic structures are designed to protect buildings to some or greater extent from earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely impervious to earthquake damage, the goal of earthquake engineering is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location.
Non-functional requirementIn systems engineering and requirements engineering, a non-functional requirement (NFR) is a requirement that specifies criteria that can be used to judge the operation of a system, rather than specific behaviours. They are contrasted with functional requirements that define specific behavior or functions. The plan for implementing functional requirements is detailed in the system design. The plan for implementing non-functional requirements is detailed in the system architecture, because they are usually architecturally significant requirements.
