Évolution expérimentaleL'évolution expérimentale est une branche de la biologie évolutive qui étudie les dynamiques de l'évolution par des expériences ou des manipulations contrôlées sur le terrain. L'évolution peut être observée en laboratoire (isolement d'une ou plusieurs espèces en milieu contrôlé) car les populations s'adaptent à de nouvelles conditions environnementales et/ou subissent des changements à cause de processus stochastiques (aléatoires) tels que la dérive génétique.
Disruptive selectionDisruptive selection, also called diversifying selection, describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. In this case, the variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups. In this more individuals acquire peripheral character value at both ends of the distribution curve. Natural selection is known to be one of the most important biological processes behind evolution.
Coloration evidence for natural selectionAnimal coloration provided important early evidence for evolution by natural selection, at a time when little direct evidence was available. Three major functions of coloration were discovered in the second half of the 19th century, and subsequently used as evidence of selection: camouflage (protective coloration); mimicry, both Batesian and Müllerian; and aposematism. Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published in 1859, arguing from circumstantial evidence that selection by human breeders could produce change, and that since there was clearly a struggle for existence, that natural selection must be taking place.
Sélection stabilisatriceEn génétique des populations, la sélection stabilisatrice ou stabilisante (à ne pas confondre avec la sélection négative ou purificatrice) est un mode de sélection naturelle dans laquelle la moyenne de la population se stabilise sur une valeur de trait non extrême particulière. On pense que c'est le mécanisme d'action le plus courant pour la sélection naturelle car la plupart des traits ne semblent pas changer radicalement au cours du temps.
Genotype frequencyGenetic variation in populations can be analyzed and quantified by the frequency of alleles. Two fundamental calculations are central to population genetics: allele frequencies and genotype frequencies. Genotype frequency in a population is the number of individuals with a given genotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population. In population genetics, the genotype frequency is the frequency or proportion (i.e., 0 < f < 1) of genotypes in a population.
Adaptation and Natural SelectionAdaptation and Natural Selection: A Critique of Some Current Evolutionary Thought is a 1966 book by the American evolutionary biologist George C. Williams. Williams, in what is now considered a classic by evolutionary biologists, outlines a gene-centered view of evolution, disputes notions of evolutionary progress, and criticizes contemporary models of group selection, including the theories of Alfred Emerson, A. H. Sturtevant, and to a smaller extent, the work of V. C. Wynne-Edwards.
Population structure (genetics)Population structure (also called genetic structure and population stratification) is the presence of a systematic difference in allele frequencies between subpopulations. In a randomly mating (or panmictic) population, allele frequencies are expected to be roughly similar between groups. However, mating tends to be non-random to some degree, causing structure to arise. For example, a barrier like a river can separate two groups of the same species and make it difficult for potential mates to cross; if a mutation occurs, over many generations it can spread and become common in one subpopulation while being completely absent in the other.
L'Origine des espècesL'Origine des espèces (On the Origin of Species) est un ouvrage scientifique de Charles Darwin, publié le pour sa première édition anglaise sous le titre L'origine des espèces au moyen de la sélection naturelle ou la préservation des races favorisées dans la lutte pour la survie. Cet ouvrage est considéré comme le texte fondateur de la théorie de l'évolution. Dans ce livre, Darwin présente la théorie scientifique de l'évolution des espèces vivantes à partir d'autres espèces généralement éteintes, au moyen de la sélection naturelle.
EvolutionismEvolutionism is a term used (often derogatorily) to denote the theory of evolution. Its exact meaning has changed over time as the study of evolution has progressed. In the 19th century, it was used to describe the belief that organisms deliberately improved themselves through progressive inherited change (orthogenesis). The teleological belief went on to include cultural evolution and social evolution. In the 1970s, the term "Neo-Evolutionism" was used to describe the idea that "human beings sought to preserve a familiar style of life unless change was forced on them by factors that were beyond their control.
Connexion de KoszulEn géométrie différentielle, une connexion (de Koszul) est un opérateur sur les sections d'un fibré vectoriel. Cette notion a été introduite par Jean-Louis Koszul en 1950 et formalise le transport parallèle de vecteurs le long d'une courbe en termes d'équation différentielle ordinaire. Les connexions sont des objets localement définis auxquels sont associées les notions de courbure et de torsion. L'un des exemples les plus simples de connexions de Koszul sans torsion est la connexion de Levi-Civita naturellement définie sur le fibré tangent de toute variété riemannienne.
