Nœud sinusalLe nœud sinusal, nœud sino-auriculaire, nœud sinoatrial ou nœud de Keith et Flack (nodus sinuatrialis) est un ensemble de cellules situé dans la paroi supérieure de l'atrium droit du cœur, dont la dépolarisation commande le rythme cardiaque physiologique, dit « rythme sinusal ». Il fut décrit pour la première fois par Arthur Keith et Martin Flack en 1907. Il s'agit d'un groupe de cellules, un tissu, situées au sommet de l'oreillette droite (atrium droit), près de l'arrivée de la veine cave supérieure.
Tachycardie ventriculaire polymorphe catécholergiqueLa tachycardie ventriculaire polymorphe catécholergique est un trouble génétique du rythme cardiaque caractérisé par une instabilité électrique de la cellule musculaire cardiaque exacerbée par la stimulation du système nerveux sympathique. Des mutations sur deux gènes sont connus responsables de cette maladie : le RYR2 (codant le récepteur à la ryanodine) qui se transmet de façon autosomique dominante mais avec un taux de mutation de novo de 50 % et le CASQ2 (codant la calsequestrine cardiaque) qui se transmet de façon autosomique récessive mais avec un taux de mutation de novo de 1 à 2 %.
Gallop rhythmA gallop rhythm refers to a (usually abnormal) rhythm of the heart on auscultation. It includes three or four sounds, thus resembling the sounds of a gallop. The normal heart rhythm contains two audible heart sounds called S1 and S2 that give the well-known "lub-dub" rhythm; they are caused by the closing of valves in the heart. The first heart sound (S1) is closure of the valve at the end of ventricular filling (the tricuspid and mitral valves); the second heart sound (S2), is closure of the aortic and/or the pulmonary valves as the ventricles relax.
Inappropriate sinus tachycardiaInappropriate sinus tachycardia (IST) is a type of cardiac arrhythmia. Inappropriate sinus tachycardia is caused by electrical signals in the body speeding up the heart, rather than a physical deformity of the heart. This may be caused by a disturbance and/or failure of the autonomic nervous system. Research into the mechanism and etiology (cause) of inappropriate sinus tachycardia is ongoing. While sinus tachycardia is very common and is the most common type of tachycardia, it is rare to be diagnosed with Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia as an independent symptom that is not part of a larger condition.
Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardiaParoxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a type of supraventricular tachycardia, named for its intermittent episodes of abrupt onset and termination. Often people have no symptoms. Otherwise symptoms may include palpitations, feeling lightheaded, sweating, shortness of breath, and chest pain. The cause is not known. Risk factors include alcohol, caffeine, nicotine, psychological stress, and Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, which often is inherited. The underlying mechanism typically involves an accessory pathway that results in re-entry.
Vietnamese phonologyThe phonology of Vietnamese features 19 consonant phonemes, with 5 additional consonant phonemes used in Vietnamese's Southern dialect, and 4 exclusive to the Northern dialect. Vietnamese also has 14 vowel nuclei, and 6 tones that are integral to the interpretation of the language. Older interpretations of Vietnamese tones differentiated between "sharp" and "heavy" entering and departing tones. This article is a technical description of the sound system of the Vietnamese language, including phonetics and phonology.
